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Stokes Disc Diffusion Method – Principle, Procedure, Result.
Stokes disc diffusion method isn’t as well-standardized as Kirby-Bauer’s method and is utilized in labs especially where the exact amount of antimicrobial present in discs isn’t known because of the difficulty in getting discs and correctly storing them or when other requirements needed for the Kirby-Bauer method cannot be fulfilled.
Robertson’s Cooked Meat Medium (RCM Medium) – Composition, Preparation, Uses
Cooked Meat Medium was originally developed by Robertson to cultivate specific anaerobes isolated from wounds. The current formulation is a modified version, sometimes referred to by the name of Chopped Meat Medium, which allows for the growth of a variety of spores and non-spore-forming strict anaerobes.
Plastids – Types, Structure, Functions
Plastid is a two-membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and preservation of nutrients. typically found in the photosynthesis cells of plants. Plastids were first discovered and identified in the work of Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to offer an accurate definition.
Plastids – Types, Structure, Functions
Plastid is a two-membrane-bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and preservation of nutrients. typically found in the photosynthesis cells of plants. Plastids were first discovered and identified in the work of Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to offer an accurate definition.
Ribosome – Types, Structure, Function, and Diagram
Ribosomes, sometimes referred to as Palade granules (after the discovery of George Palade and due to their granular shape) are macromolecular devices which are present in every cell, and that carry out biochemical protein synthesizing (mRNA translation).
Nucleus – Definition, Structure, Diagram, and Functions
Cell biology describes the nucleus is the big organelle, with a membrane-bounded structure that holds the genetic material form of numerous linear DNA molecules arranged into chromosomes, which are the structures that make up the nucleus. In the field of cell biology, the nucleus’s function is to serve as the central point of control for the cells. This is due to the fact that it holds the genetic material that code for the essential functions of cells.
Chloroplast – Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Location, Functions, and Diagram
The term “chloroplast” is derived of the Greek words chloros, which translates to green and also plastes which refers to “the one who forms”. Chloroplasts are membrane-bound plastids which have membranes that are embedded in a liquid matrix.
Lipids – Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions, Examples
It is common to discuss fat as if it was a villainous substance that is bent to destroy our diets. However, they are beautiful tiny molecules composed of three hydrocarbon tails that are attached to a small coathanger-like molecule known as Glycerol. Similar to the other big organic molecules they perform crucial functions in the biology of both humans and other living things. (Also numerous recent diet studies suggest that sugar can cause many more health issues that fat!)
Proteins – Structure, Properties, Type, Denaturation, Functions
Proteins are the largest macromolecules in biology, found throughout every cell. They are also the most adaptable organic molecule in living system and is found in a many various kinds that range in size from small polymers to huge peptides. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids, which are connected by peptide bonds. Proteins, the protein building blocks are the naturally occurring twenty amino acids. Proteins are, therefore, the multimers made up of amino acids.
Translocation in Prokaryotes – Components, Steps, Enzymes, Sites
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) – Definition, Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based laboratory technique used in molecular biology for real-time monitoring of the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, not at its end, as the conventional PCR do.
Post-transcriptional Modification – Definition, Types, Process, Importance
Post-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an primary RNA transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell.
Stokes Disc Diffusion Method – Principle, Procedure, Result.
Stokes disc diffusion method isn’t as well-standardized as Kirby-Bauer’s method and is utilized in labs especially where the exact amount of antimicrobial present in discs isn’t known because of the difficulty in getting discs and correctly storing them or when other requirements needed for the Kirby-Bauer method cannot be fulfilled.
Robertson’s Cooked Meat Medium (RCM Medium) – Composition, Preparation, Uses
Cooked Meat Medium was originally developed by Robertson to cultivate specific anaerobes isolated from wounds. The current formulation is a modified version, sometimes referred to by the name of Chopped Meat Medium, which allows for the growth of a variety of spores and non-spore-forming strict anaerobes.
FAQ
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are too small to be seen with the naked eye. It encompasses various fields such as immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Microbiology has wide-ranging applications in various fields such as healthcare, food and beverage industry, environmental science, agriculture, and biotechnology. It is used in the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and other medical treatments. In food and beverage industry, it is used for food safety and quality control. Microbiology is also used to study environmental microbial ecology and bioremediation.
Microbiology is a broad field of study that encompasses various branches, each focusing on different aspects of microorganisms. Some of the main branches of microbiology include:
- Medical Microbiology: This branch focuses on the study of microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, their detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It includes the study of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Environmental Microbiology: This branch investigates microorganisms in natural and man-made environments, including soil, water, air, and various ecological niches. It explores the roles of microorganisms in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and environmental processes.
- Industrial Microbiology: Industrial microbiology applies microorganisms for the production of various commercial products. It involves the use of microorganisms in processes such as fermentation, bioremediation, biofuel production, pharmaceuticals, food production, and biotechnology.
- Agricultural Microbiology: This branch focuses on the interactions between microorganisms and plants, animals, and the soil in agricultural systems. It includes the study of plant-microbe interactions, microbial diseases in crops and livestock, and the use of microorganisms in enhancing agricultural productivity.
- Veterinary Microbiology: Veterinary microbiology deals with microorganisms that affect animals, both domestic and wild. It involves the study of animal diseases, zoonotic diseases (infections transmitted between animals and humans), and the prevention and control of animal pathogens.
- Food Microbiology: Food microbiology studies microorganisms that affect food safety, quality, and preservation. It includes the study of foodborne pathogens, spoilage microorganisms, food fermentation processes, and the development of food preservation and processing techniques.
- Evolutionary Microbiology: This branch focuses on the evolutionary aspects of microorganisms, including their origin, diversification, and adaptation. It explores microbial evolution over time and the mechanisms driving genetic variation and speciation.
These branches of microbiology are interconnected, and research and discoveries in one branch often contribute to advancements in others. Microbiology as a whole plays a vital role in understanding microorganisms, their impact on various ecosystems, their role in health
Microbiology utilizes various methods and techniques to study microorganisms and their characteristics. Here are some commonly used methods in microbiology:
- Microscopy: Microscopy techniques, such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, are used to visualize microorganisms and their structures at different levels of resolution.
- Culturing: Microorganisms are grown in laboratory cultures on specific media to study their growth characteristics, morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties. Pure cultures are isolated to study individual microorganisms.
- Staining: Staining techniques, such as Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and fluorescent staining, are employed to visualize and differentiate microorganisms based on their cell wall composition, staining properties, or specific cellular components.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences from microorganisms. It enables the identification, characterization, and detection of microorganisms by amplifying their genetic material.
- DNA Sequencing: DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), are used to determine the genetic makeup of microorganisms. It helps in understanding their genetic diversity, evolutionary relationships, and identifying specific genes or mutations.
- Serological Techniques: Serological methods involve the detection and measurement of specific antibodies or antigens produced by microorganisms. Techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence are used to identify and diagnose microbial infections.
- Biochemical and Molecular Assays: Various biochemical tests, such as the API system, are employed to identify microorganisms based on their metabolic activities and enzyme production. Molecular assays, like gene expression analysis and protein profiling, provide insights into microbial functions and activities.
- Genome Editing and Genetic Manipulation: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 enable precise genome editing and genetic manipulation of microorganisms. It allows researchers to study gene functions, gene regulation, and engineering microorganisms for various applications.
- Microbial Ecology Techniques: Microbial ecology methods, such as DNA sequencing of environmental samples (metagenomics), stable isotope probing, and ecological modeling, are used to study the composition, diversity, and ecological interactions of microorganisms in their natural environments.
- Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics tools and computational analyses are used to analyze and interpret large-scale genomic, metagenomic, and transcriptomic data. It aids in studying microbial genomes, predicting gene functions, and understanding microbial communities.
These are just a few examples of the methods used in microbiology. The field continues to advance with the development of new techniques and technologies that contribute to our understanding of microorganisms and their significance in various fields, including health, agriculture, industry, and the environment.
Microbiology offers a wide range of career options in various sectors, including healthcare, research, industry, and academia. Here are some of the career paths available to individuals with a background in microbiology:
- Medical Microbiologist: Medical microbiologists work in clinical laboratories, hospitals, or public health agencies. They study infectious diseases, perform diagnostic tests, interpret laboratory results, and provide recommendations for patient treatment and prevention.
- Industrial Microbiologist: Industrial microbiologists work in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries. They develop and optimize microbial processes for the production of vaccines, antibiotics, enzymes, and other bio-based products. They may also be involved in quality control, product development, and regulatory compliance.
- Environmental Microbiologist: Environmental microbiologists study microorganisms in natural and man-made environments. They investigate the impact of microorganisms on ecosystem dynamics, environmental pollution, bioremediation, and waste management. They may work in research institutions, government agencies, or environmental consulting firms.
- Research Scientist: Research scientists in microbiology work in academic institutions, government laboratories, or private research organizations. They conduct experiments, design research projects, analyze data, and contribute to scientific knowledge in various areas of microbiology, such as microbial genetics, microbial ecology, virology, or immunology.
- Public Health Microbiologist: Public health microbiologists work in public health departments or agencies. They monitor and investigate infectious disease outbreaks, conduct epidemiological studies, perform surveillance, and develop strategies for disease control and prevention. They play a crucial role in protecting public health.
- Food Safety Microbiologist: Food safety microbiologists ensure the safety and quality of food products. They test and monitor food samples for microbial contamination, develop and implement food safety protocols, and provide recommendations for maintaining food safety standards. They may work in food processing companies, regulatory agencies, or research institutions.
- Academic Careers: With further education and experience, microbiologists can pursue academic careers as professors, lecturers, or researchers in universities and colleges. They teach microbiology courses, mentor students, conduct independent research, and publish scientific papers.
- Pharmaceutical or Biotechnology Sales Representative: Microbiologists with strong communication and interpersonal skills can work as sales representatives for pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. They promote and sell microbial products, laboratory equipment, or diagnostic tools to healthcare providers, research institutions, or industrial clients.
- Science Writer/Communicator: Microbiologists with excellent writing and communication skills can work as science writers, editors, or communicators. They translate complex scientific concepts into understandable language, write articles, create educational materials, or work as science journalists.
- Entrepreneurship: Microbiologists with an entrepreneurial spirit can start their own biotechnology companies, consultancies, or diagnostic laboratories. They can develop innovative microbial products, offer specialized services, or provide consulting expertise in areas like microbial quality control or microbial testing.
These are just a few examples of the career options available in microbiology. The field offers diverse opportunities for individuals interested in studying microorganisms and their applications in various sectors.
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