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Western Blot Protocol, Principle, Result.
In molecular biology Western blotting is a rapid and sensitive assay for detection and characterization of proteins. This technique exploits the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody interaction to identify specific antigens by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
Nucleus Definition, Structure, Diagram, and Functions
Cell biology describes the nucleus is the big organelle, with a membrane-bounded structure that holds the genetic material form of numerous linear DNA molecules arranged into chromosomes, which are the structures that make up the nucleus. In the field of cell biology, the nucleus’s function is to serve as the central point of control for the cells. This is due to the fact that it holds the genetic material that code for the essential functions of cells.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Structure, Synthesis, Functions
Because the body is complex, energy is required to ensure proper functioning. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy source for use and storage at cellular level. ATP’s structure is a nucleoside triophosphate. It consists of a ribose glucose, a nitrogenous base (adenine) and three serially bonded phosphate group. ATP is often referred to by the term “energy currency” because it can be readily releasable in the bond between the third and second phosphate groups. Hydrolysis, which is the process of reducing ATP to energy, serves a wide range of cell functions including signaling and DNA/RNA synthesis. ATP synthesis uses energy from many catabolic mechanisms including cell respiration, betaoxidation, ketosis, and cellular metabolism.
What is Entropy?
Entropy is among the most important concepts that students should be able to comprehend clearly when learning Chemistry as well as Physics. In addition, entropy may be described in a variety of ways, which means it can be used in a variety of stages or scenarios, like the thermodynamics stage, in cosmic cosmology, or even in economics. The term “entropy” basically refers to the changes that occur spontaneously that take place in everyday phenomena as well as the general tendency to disorder.
Amino Acids Physical Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
mainly due to their ampholytic properties and biochemically mainly because they are protein constituents. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids that contain an aliphatic primary ammonium group in the same position as the carboxyl group. It also has a distinctive stereochemistry. Biosynthesis of proteins is done using 20 amino acids, which are subject to strict genetic control.
Proteins Definition, Properties, Structure, Classification, Functions
Proteins are the largest macromolecules in biology, found throughout every cell. They are also the most adaptable organic molecule in living system and is found in a many various kinds that range in size from small polymers to huge peptides. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids, which are connected by peptide bonds. Proteins, the protein building blocks are the naturally occurring twenty amino acids. Proteins are, therefore, the multimers made up of amino acids.
Central Dogma – Definition, Replication, Transcription, Translation
DNA is the full genetic information that determines the nature and function that an animal has. Proteins are made by the genetic code contained in DNA. Conversion of DNA encoded data to RNA is necessary to make proteins. So, in the majority of cells, genetic information is transferred from – DNA to RNA, and then to protein. The transfer of information is controlled by three different processes that help in the transfer of genetic information as well as its transformation into a different form:
Western Blot Protocol, Principle, Result.
In molecular biology Western blotting is a rapid and sensitive assay for detection and characterization of proteins. This technique exploits the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody interaction to identify specific antigens by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
Beta (β) Lactamase Test Principle, Procedure, Results
Many bacteria produce a group of enzymes known as beta-lactamases that are mediated through genes in plasmids or the chromosomes. Beta-lactamase can be a constant process or it may be triggered through contact with antimicrobials. Beta-lactamases hydrolyze (and consequently inhibit) the beta-lactam ring of many Cephalosporins as well as penicillins. Beta-Lactamase Test is a rapid test to determine the presence of beta-lactamase , an enzyme that is produced by the strains from Staphylococcus aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Branhamella catarrhalis as well as Haemophilus influenzae.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Definition, Principle, Procedure, Applications
Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is an approach that is used to distinguish DNA from RNA based on their molecular sizes. The separation of RNA and DNA molecules is accomplished when nucleic acids that are negatively charged travel through an agarose structure under an influence of an electrical fields (electrophoresis).
Northern Blotting Protocol, Principle, Application, Result
Northern blotting or Northern hybridization is a widely used technique in molecular biology to determine the molecular weight of mRNA and to measure relative amounts of mRNA present in different samples and for identifying alternatively spliced transcripts and multigene family members.
Best Books for Industrial and Food Microbiology
This edition provides various aspects of biotechnology and microbiology written in a simple and lucid style to help the reader grasp the information quickly and easily. The book contains 22 chapters and each chapter presents updated material sufficient to meet the students expectations from a basic textbook. Chapters 14, 16, 18, and 20 have been updated including some new additional material. Two new chapters, 21 and 22, have been added that deal with the microbial pesticides and biofertilisers, respectively. All the previous chapters have been revised and updated. An updated index has been included to give more importance to the book. This edition of the book will prove to be very useful reading material for all students, teachers, professionals, researchers, industrialists, scientists involved in chemical engineering, biochemical engineering, environmental science, microbiology, biotechnology and life science. All the tables and figures have been newly redrawn to give full clarity to and good understanding of the topics. Most importantly, this book has been printed in two colours, it will give more impact to the students. The book also caters to the requirement of the syllabus prescribed by various Indian universities for undergraduates and postgraduates who are pursuing these courses.
10 Best Books for Instrumentation and Biotechniques
This best-selling undergraduate textbook provides an introduction to key experimental techniques from across the biosciences. It uniquely integrates the theories and practices that drive the fields of biology and medicine, comprehensively covering both the methods students will encounter in lab classes and those that underpin recent advances and discoveries.
12 Best Books for Agriculture and Soil Microbiology
This fifth edition of the classic textbook in plant pathology outlines how to recognize, treat, and prevent plant diseases. It provides extensive coverage of abiotic, fungal, viral, bacterial, nematode and other plant diseases and their associated epidemiology. It also covers the genetics of resistance and modern management on plant disease.
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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are too small to be seen with the naked eye. It encompasses various fields such as immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Microbiology has wide-ranging applications in various fields such as healthcare, food and beverage industry, environmental science, agriculture, and biotechnology. It is used in the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and other medical treatments. In food and beverage industry, it is used for food safety and quality control. Microbiology is also used to study environmental microbial ecology and bioremediation.
Microbiology is a broad field of study that encompasses various branches, each focusing on different aspects of microorganisms. Some of the main branches of microbiology include:
- Medical Microbiology: This branch focuses on the study of microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, their detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It includes the study of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Environmental Microbiology: This branch investigates microorganisms in natural and man-made environments, including soil, water, air, and various ecological niches. It explores the roles of microorganisms in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and environmental processes.
- Industrial Microbiology: Industrial microbiology applies microorganisms for the production of various commercial products. It involves the use of microorganisms in processes such as fermentation, bioremediation, biofuel production, pharmaceuticals, food production, and biotechnology.
- Agricultural Microbiology: This branch focuses on the interactions between microorganisms and plants, animals, and the soil in agricultural systems. It includes the study of plant-microbe interactions, microbial diseases in crops and livestock, and the use of microorganisms in enhancing agricultural productivity.
- Veterinary Microbiology: Veterinary microbiology deals with microorganisms that affect animals, both domestic and wild. It involves the study of animal diseases, zoonotic diseases (infections transmitted between animals and humans), and the prevention and control of animal pathogens.
- Food Microbiology: Food microbiology studies microorganisms that affect food safety, quality, and preservation. It includes the study of foodborne pathogens, spoilage microorganisms, food fermentation processes, and the development of food preservation and processing techniques.
- Evolutionary Microbiology: This branch focuses on the evolutionary aspects of microorganisms, including their origin, diversification, and adaptation. It explores microbial evolution over time and the mechanisms driving genetic variation and speciation.
These branches of microbiology are interconnected, and research and discoveries in one branch often contribute to advancements in others. Microbiology as a whole plays a vital role in understanding microorganisms, their impact on various ecosystems, their role in health
Microbiology utilizes various methods and techniques to study microorganisms and their characteristics. Here are some commonly used methods in microbiology:
- Microscopy: Microscopy techniques, such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, are used to visualize microorganisms and their structures at different levels of resolution.
- Culturing: Microorganisms are grown in laboratory cultures on specific media to study their growth characteristics, morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties. Pure cultures are isolated to study individual microorganisms.
- Staining: Staining techniques, such as Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and fluorescent staining, are employed to visualize and differentiate microorganisms based on their cell wall composition, staining properties, or specific cellular components.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences from microorganisms. It enables the identification, characterization, and detection of microorganisms by amplifying their genetic material.
- DNA Sequencing: DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), are used to determine the genetic makeup of microorganisms. It helps in understanding their genetic diversity, evolutionary relationships, and identifying specific genes or mutations.
- Serological Techniques: Serological methods involve the detection and measurement of specific antibodies or antigens produced by microorganisms. Techniques like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence are used to identify and diagnose microbial infections.
- Biochemical and Molecular Assays: Various biochemical tests, such as the API system, are employed to identify microorganisms based on their metabolic activities and enzyme production. Molecular assays, like gene expression analysis and protein profiling, provide insights into microbial functions and activities.
- Genome Editing and Genetic Manipulation: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 enable precise genome editing and genetic manipulation of microorganisms. It allows researchers to study gene functions, gene regulation, and engineering microorganisms for various applications.
- Microbial Ecology Techniques: Microbial ecology methods, such as DNA sequencing of environmental samples (metagenomics), stable isotope probing, and ecological modeling, are used to study the composition, diversity, and ecological interactions of microorganisms in their natural environments.
- Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics tools and computational analyses are used to analyze and interpret large-scale genomic, metagenomic, and transcriptomic data. It aids in studying microbial genomes, predicting gene functions, and understanding microbial communities.
These are just a few examples of the methods used in microbiology. The field continues to advance with the development of new techniques and technologies that contribute to our understanding of microorganisms and their significance in various fields, including health, agriculture, industry, and the environment.
Microbiology offers a wide range of career options in various sectors, including healthcare, research, industry, and academia. Here are some of the career paths available to individuals with a background in microbiology:
- Medical Microbiologist: Medical microbiologists work in clinical laboratories, hospitals, or public health agencies. They study infectious diseases, perform diagnostic tests, interpret laboratory results, and provide recommendations for patient treatment and prevention.
- Industrial Microbiologist: Industrial microbiologists work in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries. They develop and optimize microbial processes for the production of vaccines, antibiotics, enzymes, and other bio-based products. They may also be involved in quality control, product development, and regulatory compliance.
- Environmental Microbiologist: Environmental microbiologists study microorganisms in natural and man-made environments. They investigate the impact of microorganisms on ecosystem dynamics, environmental pollution, bioremediation, and waste management. They may work in research institutions, government agencies, or environmental consulting firms.
- Research Scientist: Research scientists in microbiology work in academic institutions, government laboratories, or private research organizations. They conduct experiments, design research projects, analyze data, and contribute to scientific knowledge in various areas of microbiology, such as microbial genetics, microbial ecology, virology, or immunology.
- Public Health Microbiologist: Public health microbiologists work in public health departments or agencies. They monitor and investigate infectious disease outbreaks, conduct epidemiological studies, perform surveillance, and develop strategies for disease control and prevention. They play a crucial role in protecting public health.
- Food Safety Microbiologist: Food safety microbiologists ensure the safety and quality of food products. They test and monitor food samples for microbial contamination, develop and implement food safety protocols, and provide recommendations for maintaining food safety standards. They may work in food processing companies, regulatory agencies, or research institutions.
- Academic Careers: With further education and experience, microbiologists can pursue academic careers as professors, lecturers, or researchers in universities and colleges. They teach microbiology courses, mentor students, conduct independent research, and publish scientific papers.
- Pharmaceutical or Biotechnology Sales Representative: Microbiologists with strong communication and interpersonal skills can work as sales representatives for pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. They promote and sell microbial products, laboratory equipment, or diagnostic tools to healthcare providers, research institutions, or industrial clients.
- Science Writer/Communicator: Microbiologists with excellent writing and communication skills can work as science writers, editors, or communicators. They translate complex scientific concepts into understandable language, write articles, create educational materials, or work as science journalists.
- Entrepreneurship: Microbiologists with an entrepreneurial spirit can start their own biotechnology companies, consultancies, or diagnostic laboratories. They can develop innovative microbial products, offer specialized services, or provide consulting expertise in areas like microbial quality control or microbial testing.
These are just a few examples of the career options available in microbiology. The field offers diverse opportunities for individuals interested in studying microorganisms and their applications in various sectors.
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