What is Immunological Techniques? Immunodiffusion tests Single Diffusion in One Dimension (Oudin Procedure) Double Diffusion in One Dimension (Oakley- Fulthrope Procedure) Single diffusion in two dimensions (Radial immunodiffusion) Double diffusion in Two Dimension (Ouchterlony Procedure) Immunoelectrophoresis Counter Immunoelectrophoresis Rocket Electrophoresis Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Advertisements Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a widely used … Read more
What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization Advertisements The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the … Read more
What is Hematopoiesis? Advertisements Hematopoiesis, derived from the Greek words “haima” meaning blood and “poiein” meaning to make, is the process through which blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells. It is a crucial and continuous process necessary for maintaining the appropriate levels of circulating blood cells within the body. All cellular components of … Read more
What is Complement Fixation? Principle of Complement Fixation Test Advertisements The principle of the complement fixation test is based on the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and complement proteins. When an antigen and antibody come into contact, they form an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex. This complex then interacts with complement proteins and becomes fixed with them. As … Read more
What are Antibodies? Advertisements Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are Y-shaped proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) in response to the presence of foreign substances known as antigens. Antibodies are an essential component of the immune system and play a crucial role in recognizing, binding to, and neutralizing … Read more
What is Radioimmunoassay (RIA)? Dfinition of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Advertisements Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique that uses radioisotopes to detect and measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies in a sample. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Principle The principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA) is based on competitive binding, specificity, and sensitivity. In RIA, a radioactive antigen, also known … Read more
What is Vaccine? Definition of Vaccines Advertisements Vaccines are medical preparations that stimulate the immune system to provide protection against specific diseases by promoting the production of antibodies and immune memory. How do vaccines work in Immune System? Types of Vaccines Vaccines can be classified into three main groups based on their composition and mode … Read more
What are Blood Cells? Blood Cells Definitions Advertisements Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and removing carbon dioxide. White blood cells (leukocytes): Blood cells involved in the body’s immune response, defending against infections and diseases. Platelets (thrombocytes): Blood cells essential for blood clotting, preventing … Read more
What are Lymphocytes? Advertisements Lymphocytes are a specialized type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s adaptive response. They are the key mediators of both humoral and cellular immunity. Here are some important points about lymphocytes: In summary, lymphocytes are unique cells of the adaptive immune system that recognize … Read more
What is Immunogenicity? A. Properties of Immunogen 1. Foreignness 2. Molecular Size 3. Chemical Nature and Heterogeneity 4. Physical form 5. Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation B. Biological System of Host FAQ
What is Competitive ELISA? Principle of Competitive ELISA Advertisements The principle of competitive ELISA is based on the competitive binding process that occurs between two specific antibodies and an antigen of interest. In this assay, two antibodies are utilized: one is conjugated with an enzyme, and the other is present in the test serum (if … Read more
What is Direct ELISA? Principle of Direct ELISA Advertisements The principle of direct ELISA revolves around the specific binding interaction between an antigen and its corresponding antibody. In this type of ELISA, the antigen of interest is adsorbed or immobilized onto the surface of a plastic plate, typically a microtiter plate with multiple wells. To … Read more
What is Indirect ELISA? Indirect ELISA Principle Advertisements The principle of an indirect ELISA involves the use of two binding steps to detect and quantify specific antibodies in a sample. The first step involves the incubation of the primary antibody with the antigen of interest. The primary antibody specifically recognizes and binds to the target … Read more
What is Sandwich ELISA? Sandwich ELISA Principle Advertisements The principle of sandwich ELISA involves the detection of antigens using a combination of specific antibodies. The test begins by coating and immobilizing a known antibody onto the wells of a microtiter plate. This immobilized antibody serves as the capture antibody, which will bind to the antigen … Read more
What is Opsonization? Definition of Opsonization Advertisements Opsonization is the process of coating antigens with molecules called opsonins, which mark them for recognition and engulfment by immune cells, enhancing the efficiency of the immune response. Antibody-mediated Opsonization Complement-mediated Opsonization What are Opsonins? Types of Opsonins Opsonins involved in the immune system are diverse and include … Read more
What is Active Site of an Enzyme? Definition of Enzyme’s Active Site Advertisements The active site of an enzyme is a small region within the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of products. What is Binding site? Features that Determine Active Site Specificity The specificity of the … Read more
What is Inoculating Loops and Needles? Definition of Inoculating Loops and Needles Advertisements Inoculating loops and needles are handheld tools used in microbiology laboratories to transfer and manipulate microorganisms. Inoculating loops are wire loops with a small diameter used to collect and streak microbial cultures on solid agar-based media. Inoculating needles are sharp needles used … Read more
What is Pipette? Definition of Pipette Advertisements A pipette is a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid with precision. Principle of Pipette The principle of a pipette is based on two main mechanisms: the air displacement method and the positive displacement method. These mechanisms determine how the pipette functions and … Read more
What is Incinerator? Definition of Incinerator Advertisements An incinerator is a specialized furnace designed for burning potentially dangerous materials in a controlled manner, typically at high temperatures, to eliminate pollutants and safely dispose of waste. Working principle of Incinerator The principle of an incinerator is based on a two-stage combustion process, involving a primary combustion … Read more
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