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Central Dogma Theory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Code

Central Dogma Replication, Transcription, Translation

DNA is the full genetic information that determines the nature and function that an animal has. Proteins are made by the genetic code contained in DNA. Conversion of DNA encoded data to RNA is necessary to make proteins. So, in the majority of cells, genetic information is transferred from – DNA to RNA, and then to protein. The transfer of information is controlled by three different processes that help in the transfer of genetic information as well as its transformation into a different form:

Protein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Steps, Sites, Machinery

protein synthesis diagram labeled

What is Protein Synthesis? Protein synthesis is a fundamental biological process that occurs within cells, responsible for the formation of proteins through the assembly of amino acid chains, termed polypeptides. This process is pivotal to the central dogma of genetics and is instrumental in maintaining cellular function and structure. The process of protein synthesis can … Read more

cDNA Cloning – Definition, Principle, Steps, Applications

Complementary DNA or cDNA cloning - Principle, Steps 

What is cDNA cloning? Definition of Complementary DNA or cDNA Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a form of DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template through the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It represents the coding sequence of genes and is commonly used in gene cloning and expression studies. cDNA Cloning Definition cDNA cloning … Read more

What is Gene Expression? – Definition, Stages, Importance

Stages of Translation

What is gene expression? Gene expression definition Gene expression is the process by which the genetic information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional product, typically a protein or a specific RNA molecule. Stages in Gene Expression 1. Transcription 2. Translation What is gene expression profiling? Methods or Steps of gene expression … Read more

What is DNA Replication? – An In-Depth Guide to DNA Replication for Students

DNA Replication Mechanism, Definition, Requirements, Steps

What is DNA Replication? In the realm of molecular biology, DNA replication stands as a pivotal biological mechanism responsible for generating two congruent DNA replicas from a singular original DNA molecule. This process is ubiquitous across all living entities, serving as the cornerstone for biological inheritance. DNA replication is not merely a routine cellular activity; … Read more

Deletion Mutation – Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples

Deletion Mutation - Definition, Causes, Mechanism, Examples

What is Deletion Mutation? Definition of Deletion Mutation A deletion mutation is a genetic anomaly in which a segment of a chromosome or DNA sequence is omitted during DNA replication, leading to the absence of specific nucleotides or entire chromosomal segments. This can result in altered gene function or expression. Causes of Deletion Mutation Deletion … Read more

DNA polymerase IV – Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

DNA polymerase IV - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

What is DNA polymerase IV? Definition of DNA polymerase IV DNA polymerase IV is a prokaryotic enzyme encoded by the dinB gene, involved in mutagenesis and DNA repair processes, especially during the SOS response to DNA damage. Unlike many polymerases, it lacks proofreading activity, making it error-prone, but it plays a crucial role in translesion … Read more

Microprojectile Bombardment – Definition, Components, Steps, Applications

Microprojectile Bombardment Mindmap

What is Microprojectile Bombardment? Definition of Microprojectile Bombardment Microprojectile bombardment, also known as biolistics or gene gun delivery, is a method used to introduce foreign genetic material into cells or tissues by accelerating microscopic particles coated with the desired DNA, RNA, or proteins at high velocities, facilitating direct gene transfer. This technique is commonly employed … Read more

Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) – Definition, Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages

Real-Time PCR Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based laboratory technique used in molecular biology for real-time monitoring of the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, not at its end, as the conventional PCR do.

Post-transcriptional Modification – Definition, Types, Process, Importance

Post-transcriptional modification

Post-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an primary RNA transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell.

DNA Sequencing – Definition, Principle, Steps, Types, Applications

DNA Sequencing - Definition, Principle, Steps, Types, Applications

What is DNA Sequencing? Definition of DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing refers to the techniques used to determine the order of the nucleotide bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine within a DNA molecule. Methods of DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing is a crucial technique used in various fields of biological research, allowing scientists to unravel the genetic … Read more

Prokaryotic DNA Replication – Initiation, Elongation, Termination

mechanism of prokaryotic dna replication

What is Prokaryotic DNA Replication? Structure of Ori C Mechanism of prokaryotic dna replication The synthesis of a DNA molecule can be divided into three stages:  distinguished both by the reactions taking place and by the enzymes required. As you will find here and in the next two chapters, synthesis of the major information containing … Read more

Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Protocol

Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Protocol

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a highly effective genotyping technique used for the separation and analysis of large DNA molecules, such as entire genomic DNA. It involves digesting the DNA with specific restriction enzymes and applying it to a gel matrix under an electric field that periodically changes direction. PFGE is a modified version … Read more

Types of RNA with Structure and Functions

Types of RNA with Structure and Functions

What is RNA? Different Types of RNA and Their Functions RNA, or Ribonucleic acid, is a crucial molecule synthesized by RNA polymerase from DNA. It serves various functions in the cell, including protein-coding and non-coding roles. Understanding the different types of RNA is essential for comprehending their specific functions. Let’s delve into the main types … Read more

Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease) – Definition, Types, Examples, Functions

Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease) - Definition, Types, Examples, Functions

What is Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease)? Definition of Restriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease) A restriction enzyme, also known as a restriction endonuclease, is an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition sites, called restriction sites. It is primarily found in bacteria and archaea and serves as a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Restriction enzymes are commonly … Read more

DNA Microarray Principle, Types and Steps involved in cDNA microarrays

DNA Microarray Principle, Types and Steps involved in cDNA microarrays

The DNA microarray technology is among the most effective technology that can offer an extremely high-throughput and precise overview of the whole transcriptome and genome, which lets scientists understand the molecular processes that underlie natural and malfunctioning biological processes. Microarray technology may accelerate the process of screening thousands of protein and DNA samples at once.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)- Definition, Types, Applications, Limitations

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)- Definition, Types, Applications, Limitations

What is Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)? Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, has revolutionized the field of genomics and molecular biology by allowing the sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA molecules simultaneously. It encompasses a range of different sequencing technologies, all aimed at producing large amounts of sequence data at a lower cost … Read more

DNA Polymerase – Definition, Mechanism, Structure, Types

DNA Polymerase - Definition, Mechanism, Structure, Types

What is DNA Polymerase? DNA polymerases Definition DNA polymerases are enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, playing a crucial role in DNA replication and repair across all living organisms. Properties of DNA Polymerase DNA polymerases possess several important properties that contribute to their role in DNA replication. These properties ensure … Read more

Vector – Definition, Examples, Characteristics, Types, Applications, Limitations

Vector - Definition, Examples, Characteristics, Types, Applications, Limitations

What is a vector in biology? Vector Definition A vector is a DNA molecule or genetic material used to transfer specific genetic information between cells in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Characteristics Features of vectors Vectors used in molecular biology and genetic engineering possess certain characteristic features that make them suitable for specific applications. Here … Read more

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