Chlamydia Human infections caused by Chlamydia species Bacteria Diseases Chlamydia trachomatis Lymphogranuloma venereum, ocular lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia, and urogenital infections Chlamydophila pneumoniae Pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia Chlamydophila psittac Psittacosis General Properties There are two morphologically distinct forms of chlamydiae: elementary body and reticulate body. Elementary body Reticulate … Read more
What is a Genetic Code? The genetic code is a set of rules that living cells use to decipher the information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences). The ribosomes are responsible for carrying out the translation process. Using tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides … Read more
Growth Definition Levels of Growth There are two distinct stages of growth in living organisms: A. Cell growth B. Growth of multicellular organisms The growth of multicellular animals and plants in connection to the growth and multiplication of their individual cells can be divided into three distinct categories: (1) Auxetic growth (Auxesis = growth resulting … Read more
What is parthenogenesis? – Parthenogenesis Definition Natural Parthenogenesis The regular, continuous, and natural occurrence of parthenogenesis in the life cycles of certain animals is known as natural parthenogenesis. There are two types of natural pathogenesis: complete and incomplete. (i) Complete parthenogenesis (ii) Incomplete parthenogensis Complete and incomplete type of natural parthenogenesis The two forms of … Read more
Fertilization Definition External and Internal Fertilization Fertilizin and Antifertilizin Fertilizin Antifertilizin Process of Fertilization The two sequential steps of the fertilisation process are as follows: 1. The egg’s activation; 2. The amphimixis. 1. Activation of the Egg The process of activation of eggs is completed in following stages : (i) Movement of the sperm towards … Read more
What is gametogenesis? Gametogenesis Definition Gametogenesis is the biological process through which precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature sex cells or gametes. Spermatogenesis 1. Formation of Spermatids Primary germinal cells or primordial cells refer to the male germinal cells that create sperm. The primordial cells undergo the following three steps in … Read more
What is Meiosis? Definition of Meiosis Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in four non-identical haploid cells (gametes) from a single diploid parent cell, ensuring genetic diversity and maintaining consistent chromosome numbers across generations. Types of Meiosis Meiosis occurs in the germ cells of organisms that reproduce … Read more
What is Cell Cycle? – Cell Cycle Definition Phases of Cell Cycle Cell maturation and subsequent division are the results of a cell’s life cycle, also known as cell division. These processes include the genome’s duplication, the production of the cell organelles, and the division of the cytoplasm. Human cells have a standard eukaryotic cell … Read more
What is Mitosis? Definition of Mitosis Mitosis is a cellular process in which a single eukaryotic cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each maintaining the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Features of Mitosis In essence, mitosis is a meticulously regulated process that ensures genetic consistency, facilitates growth, and aids … Read more
Cytoplasmic Matrix Physical Nature of Cytosol (Or Cytoplasmic Matrix) The cytosol (cytoplasmic matrix) is a colloidal substance that is colourless or greyish, transparent, viscous, gelatinous, or jelly-like. It is more dense than water and may flow. In the past, there has been considerable debate on the physical nature of the matrix. Regarding the physical properties … Read more
Cell Coat Definition Extracellular Materials Cell Coat Function In addition to safeguarding the plasma membrane, the cell coat serves the following essential purposes: (i) Filtration (ii) Maintenance of the micro-environment of the cell (iii) Enzymes (iv) Immunological properties of the extraneous coats (v) Histocompatibility
Passive transport It is a sort of diffusion in which an ion or molecule that has traversed a membrane goes down its electrochemical or concentration gradient. Passive transportation requires no metabolic energy. The following are the three types of passive transport: 1. Osmosis 2. Simple diffusion 3. Facilitated diffusion Examples of Facilitated Diffusion (i) Ionic … Read more
What is Cell Signaling? Three Stages of Cell Signaling Cell signalling can be defined simply as the creation of a “signal” by a single cell. The target cell then receives this signal. In actuality, signal transduction is stated to involve three phases: Types of Cell Signaling Pathways Cell signalling plays a crucial role in enabling … Read more
What is Microbodies? Historical Microbodies: Structure And Types Peroxisomes Structure of Peroxisomes Functions of Peroxisomes Peroxisomes have been found to engage in two types of biochemical processes: 1. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism H2O2and aging 2. Glycolate cycle Photorespiration CH2OH. COOH + O2 → CHO – COOH + H2O2 CHO — COOH + H2O2 → HCOOH + … Read more
What are Mitochondria? Definition of Mitochondria Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell. Organization and Distribution Mitochondria, often termed the cellular powerhouses, are intricate organelles that play a pivotal role in energy production. Their organization and distribution within cells are both diverse … Read more
What is Microfilaments? Definition of Microfilaments Microfilaments, or actin filaments, are slender protein fibers that form a vital part of a cell’s cytoskeleton, contributing to cell shape, movement, and structural support. Distribution of Microfilaments Chemical Composition of Microfilaments (Structure of Microfilaments) Associated Proteins with Microfilaments The proper formation and regulation of actin filaments, also known … Read more
What are intermediate filaments? Types of intermediate filaments The intermediate filaments are extremely varied in terms of their biochemical properties, but can be classified into four major kinds based on their morphology and localization: 1. Type I IF proteins 2. Type II IF proteins 3. Type III IF proteins 4. Type IVIF proteins Characteristics of … Read more
Microtubules Definition (What are microtubules?) Occurrence of Microtubules Microtubules Structure Chemical Composition of Microtubules Intracellular Organization of Microtubules Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs) Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) Assembly and Disassembly of Microtubules Function of Microtubules Microtubules serve multiple purposes in eukaryotic cells, including the following: 1. Mechanical function 2. Morphogenesis 3. Cellular polarity and motility 4. Contraction … Read more
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments found in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. It stretches from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is composed of the same proteins in all organisms. It consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all of which … Read more
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