Get Study notes related to practicals of microbiology.
Have you ever wondered how laboratory scientists are so precise with their liquid measurements? What magical tool enables them to transfer or release a specific amount of liquid? Well, the answer is as clear as glass, actually it is glass: The Glass Dropper Pipette. “In the world of science, precision is paramount, and the glass dropper … Read more
Ever wondered about the little scientific marvels you hold in your hand during chemistry or biology labs? We’re shining a spotlight on one such unsung hero of the scientific world – disposable glass pasteur pipettes. These handy tools, so often taken for granted, have a fascinating history and a crucial role in your experimental success. Let’s dive in and … Read more
What are Glass Pipettes? Features of Glass Pipettes Glass pipettes possess several features that make them indispensable tools in laboratory settings. Here are some key features of glass pipettes: In summary, glass pipettes combine accuracy, durability, chemical inertness, reusability, and versatility to meet the needs of laboratory professionals. With their precise liquid handling capabilities and … Read more
What is Simmons Citrate Agar? Composition of Simmons Citrate Agar Ingredients Gms/liter Magnesium sulfate 0.200 Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 1.000 Dipotassium phosphate 1.000 Sodium citrate 2.000 Sodium chloride 5.000 Bromothymol blue 0.080 Agar 15.000 Final pH ( at 25°C) 6.8±0.2 Principle of Simmons Citrate Agar The principle of Simmons Citrate Agar revolves around the ability of … Read more
What is Columbia Blood Agar Base? Principle of Columbia Blood Agar Base The principle of Columbia Blood Agar Base lies in its composition and functionality in supporting the growth and differentiation of various bacterial species. Here are the key principles of Columbia Blood Agar Base: In summary, the principle of Columbia Blood Agar Base lies … Read more
What is Bile Esculin Agar (BEA)? Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) Composition Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) contains the following ingredients per liter of the medium: The final pH of the medium, when measured at 25°C, is approximately 6.6±0.2. These specific components and their concentrations are carefully selected to create a medium that is selective and differential … Read more
What is Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test? Principle of Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test The principle of the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is based on the detection of antibodies produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells during a syphilis infection. The RPR test is a macroscopic, non-treponemal flocculation card test that … Read more
What is the latex agglutination test? Types of Latex Agglutination The latex agglutination test can be categorized into two main types based on the processes of detection: Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for Antibody Detection and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for Antigen Detection. These two types of latex agglutination tests provide valuable diagnostic information in different … Read more
Single Radial Immunodiffusion also referred to as Mancini technique is a quantitative immunodiffusion technique that is used to measure the antigen’s concentration by measuring the size of the precipitin-based ring created by the interaction between the antigen with the antibody at the optimal concentration. The antibody is embedded in the agarose gel, while the antigen is diffused into it in the form of a radiatal pattern.
What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the ability … Read more
Counter current immunoelectrophoresis is a modification of immunoelectrophoresis in which antigen and antibody migrate towards opposite directions and form a visible white precipitate in the area between the wells.
What is Complement Fixation? Principle of Complement Fixation Test The principle of the complement fixation test is based on the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and complement proteins. When an antigen and antibody come into contact, they form an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex. This complex then interacts with complement proteins and becomes fixed with them. As a … Read more
Classification of Immunodiffusion The process of immuno-diffusion allows the determination or detection of antigens and antibodies through their precipitation that involves diffusion through a substance, such as gel agarose or agar. Simply, it denotes precipitation in a gel. It’s one of the many methods to create a precipitate from an antibody and a specific antigen. … Read more
What is Radioimmunoassay (RIA)? Dfinition of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique that uses radioisotopes to detect and measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies in a sample. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Principle The principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA) is based on competitive binding, specificity, and sensitivity. In RIA, a radioactive antigen, also known as … Read more
What is Competitive ELISA? Principle of Competitive ELISA The principle of competitive ELISA is based on the competitive binding process that occurs between two specific antibodies and an antigen of interest. In this assay, two antibodies are utilized: one is conjugated with an enzyme, and the other is present in the test serum (if the … Read more
What is Direct ELISA? Principle of Direct ELISA The principle of direct ELISA revolves around the specific binding interaction between an antigen and its corresponding antibody. In this type of ELISA, the antigen of interest is adsorbed or immobilized onto the surface of a plastic plate, typically a microtiter plate with multiple wells. To minimize … Read more
What is Sandwich ELISA? Sandwich ELISA Principle The principle of sandwich ELISA involves the detection of antigens using a combination of specific antibodies. The test begins by coating and immobilizing a known antibody onto the wells of a microtiter plate. This immobilized antibody serves as the capture antibody, which will bind to the antigen of … Read more
The process of centrifugation is separation of substances that involves the use to the centrifugal force. It is a method of separating particles from the solution based on their shape, size density, density, viscosity of the medium , and the speed of the rotor.
A bioreactor can be described as a kind of fermenter vessel used to produce diverse biological and chemical reactions. It is a sealed container that is well-arranged to allow aeration, agitation temperature and pH control and an overflow or drain vent to get rid of the waste material of microorganisms that have been grown and their products.
A hot air oven is a laboratory appliance that is used to dry, sterilize, or heat materials. It works by circulating hot air inside the oven chamber to evenly distribute heat to the materials being processed. Hot air ovens are often used in a variety of settings, including research laboratories, industrial settings, and educational institutions. … Read more
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