Get Study notes related to practicals of microbiology.
What is Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC)? Principle of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) The principle of Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is based on the interactions between the hydrophobic regions of sample protein molecules and a hydrophobic stationary phase or matrix. This principle allows for the separation and purification of proteins based on their hydrophobicity. In HIC, … Read more
What is Flash chromatography? Principle of Flash column chromatography The principle of flash chromatography revolves around the rapid movement of the eluent, a liquid, through a short glass column under gas pressure, typically nitrogen or compressed air. The glass column is packed with a stationary phase consisting of an adsorbent material with a defined particle … Read more
What is Cation Exchange Chromatography? Cation Exchange Chromatography Principles The principles of cation exchange chromatography are based on the net surface charge of proteins and the concept of isoelectric point (pI). The net surface charge of a protein can change with the pH of the surrounding environment. The pI of a protein refers to the … Read more
What is Anion Exchange Chromatography? Principle of Anion Exchange Chromatography The principle of anion exchange chromatography is based on the net surface charge of proteins, which changes with the pH and is determined by their isoelectric point (pI). The pI of a protein is the pH at which it carries no net charge. Below the … Read more
What is Chromatography? Chromatography Definition Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze the components of a mixture based on their properties and interactions with a stationary and mobile phase. What is a stationary phase? What is the mobile phase? Types of Chromatography Here is the Types of Chromatography; Type of Chromatography Description Gas … Read more
What is Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis? Principle of Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis The principle of Two-Dimensional (Crossed) Immunoelectrophoresis involves the combination of two distinct electrophoretic steps to separate and identify proteins based on their charge, size, and antigen-antibody interactions. The technique consists of the following steps: The principle of Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis exploits the migration characteristics of proteins … Read more
What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Types of Immunoelectrophoresis There are 4 types of Immunoelectrophoresis; 1. Classical immunoelectrophoresis Advantages In summary, classical immunoelectrophoresis offers the advantages of separating complex mixtures, identifying individual components, specificity in immunoprecipitation reactions, simplicity in procedure, and providing visual and informative results. 2. Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, also known as crossover immunoelectrophoresis, utilizes … Read more
Immunoelectrophoresis is a powerful qualitative technique for the characterization of an antibody.
What is Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)? Definition of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique used to separate and analyze proteins or nucleic acids based on their mobility in a porous polyacrylamide gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. Types of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) There are several types … Read more
SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl Sulfate) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is one of the methods employed in genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology for the separation of proteins based on the molecular mass of their proteins. Proteins’ electrophoretic mobility is dependent on their size. The goal of SDS-PAGE is the separation of proteins based on their dimensions.
What is Mass Spectrometry (MS)? Definition of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify the chemical composition of a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions, resulting in a mass spectrum that reveals the molecular and structural information of the sample. Mass Spectrometry Principle Mass Spectrometry operates … Read more
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a process of fermentation utilized by a range of industries such as textile, food, pharmaceuticals and so on. in order to create compounds of microorganisms that use solid supports instead of liquid medium. It’s defined as growing microbes that do not have a flowing aqueous phase that is free-flowing.
What is Centrifugal force? Definition of Centrifugal force Centrifugal force is an outward fictitious force experienced by objects moving in a circular path, directed away from the center of rotation. Centrifugal force formula The centrifugal force can be calculated using different formulas depending on the available information. If the velocity (v) of the moving object … Read more
Gel permeation chromatography may also be known as gel size exclusion or filtration. For size-exclusion chromatography it is the case that stationary phases are a porous matrices made consisting of substances like cross-linked polystyrene (CLP), polyacrylamide gels, cross-linked dextrans as well as agarose gels. The separation is determined by the molecular sizes of the analytes as the gel acts as the molecular sieve.
Biomolecules are isolated using various techniques that allow them to be separated by the difference in their unique characteristics like size, hydrophobicity and biorecognition and charge, for example. Gelfiltration is a process where the separation of the components is determined by the the molecular weight, or in size. It is the most simple and gentle of all chromatography techniques and is able to separate molecules based on variations in size.
The X-rays comprise X-radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation. The most common X-rays are those with a wavelength of 0.01 up to 10 nanometers which corresponds to frequencies in the 30 petahertz range and 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies that are in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV, created by the deceleration and acceleration of electrons with high energy. The term “X-ray spectroscopy” is a generic term used to describe a variety of spectroscopic methods to characterize materials employing the excitation of x-rays.
The gas chromatography process differs from other types of chromatography because it is gas, and the components are separated into vapours. This allows it to distinguish and identify smaller molecular weight compounds inside the gas phase. The sample is either liquid or gas which is then vaporized at the port for injection. The mobile phase in gas chromatography is a transporter gas, most often helium, because due to its molecular weight being low and its chemical inert. It is pressed, and the mobile phase is able to move the analyte along the column. The separation process is carried out using a column coated stationary phase.
Gamma rays are an extremely high intensity of light produced by radioactive elements, stellar bodies that are energetic, such as neutron stars and black holes and high-energy phenomena like nuclear explosions and supernovae. Gamma-ray (g-ray) spectrum is a fast and nondestructive method of analysis which can be utilized to detect radioactive isotopes within the sample. Gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) is a device that measures the range of intensity of gamma radiation in relation to the energy of the photon.
The paper chromatography (PC) can be described as a kind of planar chromatography, where the chromatography processes are performed on a special paper. PC is thought to be the most simple and the most extensively employed of chromatographic techniques due to its ability for isolation, identification, and quantitative analysis for organic as well as inorganic substances. PC was first developed in 1865 by German scientists Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1865).
constituents of a mix for an analysis that is both qualitative as well as quantitative. For this type of physical separation, the components that are to be separated are divided into two phases. One has a stationary (stationary phase) while the second (the mobile phase) is moving in a specific direction. Based on what phase is stationary and which the mobile phase, they may be of various types.
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