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Microbe-Plant interaction – Types, Examples

Microbe-Plant interaction

Microbe-Plant interaction Plants are immobile, but they are continuously subjected to both biotic and abiotic stress. Constant warfare exists between harmful microorganisms and the host plant, with the outcome determining resistance or disease. Plants exude a variety of organic substances, resulting in a nutrient-rich environment that is conducive to microbial growth. Therefore, plants are highly … Read more

Microbe-Microbe Interactions

Microbe-Microbe Interactions

Various sorts of positive and negative interactions between microorganisms and plants/animals have been described previously. Similar to humans, microorganisms communicate with one another and result in both beneficial and detrimental connections. In this context, the following interactions and interrelationships have been discussed: 1. Symbiosis between Alga and Fungus (Lichens) Lichen is a thallus comprising two … Read more

Air microbiology and Dispersal of Microbes 

Air microbiology and Dispersal of Microbes 

Air microbiology Air microbiology is the study of suspended microorganisms in the air. Also known as aero microbiology. The study of microbes and their airborne spores that are invisible to the naked eye. Aero-spoliation, airborne transmission, and biological materials research. In addition, respiratory illnesses are studied. Important to the subject of aero-microbiology is the formation … Read more

Distribution Of Microorganisms In Aquatic Environment

Distribution Of Microorganisms In Aquatic Environment

Salts and gases are dissolved in natural waters, especially sea and mineral waters. 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, making it the most vital habitat for life. It is estimated that the total volume of inland waters is 7,5 x 105 km3, that of seas and oceans is 1,4 x 109 km3, … Read more

Iron and Manganese Cycles – Steps, Importance

Iron and Manganese Cycles - Steps, Importance

Iron cycle (Fe) is the biogeochemical circulation of iron through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. In contrast to its abundance in the Earth’s crust, Fe is scarce in oxygenated surface waters. Iron is an essential element for primary productivity and a limiting nutrient in the High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) zones of the Southern ocean, eastern … Read more

Sulphur cycle – Definition, Steps, Types, Importance

Sulphur cycle - Definition, Steps, Types, Importance

Sulphur cycle Definition The sulphur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the movement of sulphur between rocks, waterways, and living organisms. Sulphur is one of the earth’s most prevalent elements. This non-metal is yellow, brittle, odourless, and tasteless. Sulfur is present in all protein types. Methionine, cystine, and cysteine are sulphur-containing amino acids that … Read more

Carbon cycle – Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples

Carbon cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, Examples

Carbon cycle Definition Carbon cycle is the process by which carbon compounds move between the earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere. The biogeochemical process by which carbon moves between the Earth’s biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere is called the carbon cycle. Carbon is the most important part of all living things and a … Read more

Sludge Wastes Treatment – Methods, Types, Factors, Uses

Sludge Wastes Treatment - Methods, Types, Factors, Uses

What is Sludge? During sewage/waste water treatment procedures, a semi-liquid substance known as sludge is generated. Generally speaking, sludge is a semisolid liquid containing between 0.5 and 12 percent solids (by weight). The composition of sludge is highly diverse, depending on the origin of the raw sewage and the treatment techniques involved. Some authors refer … Read more

Composting – Methods, Types, Factors, Importance

Composting - Methods, Types, Factors, Importance

What is Composting? Compost is a mixture of organic materials used as a plant fertiliser and to improve the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of soil. It is typically produced by decomposing plant matter, food scraps, recycling organic materials, and composting manure. Rich in plant nutrients and helpful organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and … Read more

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management

What is Solid Waste Management? Management of solid waste is the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid material that has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can result in unsanitary circumstances, which in turn can lead to environmental contamination and outbreaks of vector-borne diseases, which are transmitted … Read more

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) – Definition, Measurement, Uses

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition, Measurement, Uses

Chemical oxygen demand, or COD, indicates the amount of oxygen that can be used by processes in a measured solution. It is often expressed as the mass of oxygen utilised per unit of solution volume, or milligrammes per litre (mg/L) in SI units. The most common application of COD is determining the quantity of oxidizable … Read more

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition, Importance, Measurement

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition, Importance, Measurement

Biological oxygen demand refers to the amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen present) conditions at a certain temperature (BOD). The greater the concentration of organic contaminants in the water, the greater the oxygen demand of the bacteria. Consequently, the level of contamination in a body … Read more

Oxidation Pond – Definition, Mechanisms

Oxidation Pond - Definition, Mechanisms

What is Oxidation Pond? Oxidation ponds, also known as lagoons or stabilisation ponds, are huge, shallow ponds meant to remediate wastewater by allowing sunshine, bacteria, and algae to interact. Algae utilise solar energy, carbon dioxide, and inorganic substances produced by bacteria in water to grow. During photosynthesis, algae release the oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms. … Read more

Sewage Treatment – Wastewater Treatment Procedure

Sewage Treatment - Wastewater Treatment Procedure

Wastewater treatment or Sewage Treatment  The purpose of wastewater treatment is to remove impurities from wastewater and transform it into effluent that may be reintroduced to the water cycle. Once restored to the water cycle, wastewater has a minimal influence on the environment or is reused for a variety of applications (called water reclamation). A … Read more

Liquid Waste Management

Liquid Waste Management

Fluid wastes consisting of sewage and residential wastewater, or treated water or other liquids, generated by industrial operations, particularly in the pulp and paper industry, the food processing industry, and the chemical manufacturing industry. As such, liquid waste can be defined. Liquids such as wastewater, fats, oils, or grease (FOG), used oil, liquids, sediments, gases, … Read more

Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts

Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts

What is waste?  Any substance or liquid that is left over after productive usage or is unusable in its current state and is often discarded; and Material associated with human activity as opposed to nature, which has its own mechanism for recycling trash so that it finally becomes a resource: for instance, leaves, branches, and … Read more

Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)

Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)

The structure of hydrocarbon (HC) compounds consists of hydrogen and carbon. The environment is especially polluted by unintended leaks of petroleum products. Some HC compounds can be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to various organisms. Bioremediation is a potential method for the remediation of HC-contaminated sites since it is economical and can result in total mineralization. Utilizing … Read more

Phytoremediation – Definition, Types, Mechanisms

Phytoremediation - Definition, Types, Mechanisms

What is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation refers to the technologies that utilise plants to clean up chemically contaminated land, air, and water. In addition to being a cost-effective technology for environmental remediation, phytoremediation has proven to be a fantastic solution for all type of environmental problems. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective plant-based method that capitalises on plants’ ability … Read more

Degradation of Pesticides – Types, Mechanisms

Degradation of Pesticides - Types, Mechanisms

What are Pesticides? any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs; … Read more

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

What is Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)? Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that invade plant roots and encourage plant development (PGPR). The rhizosphere is the zone of soil that is specifically influenced by a plant’s root system. Compared to the bulk soil, this zone is nutrient-rich because to the buildup of plant exudates, such as … Read more

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