Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system and its role in protecting the body from infection and disease. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Immunologists use a variety of techniques, including microscopy, culture methods, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, to study the immune system and its functions. They may also use computational and mathematical modeling to study the behavior of immune cells and the interactions between the immune system and other body systems.
Immunologists may work in a variety of settings, including research laboratories, universities, hospitals, and government agencies. They may also work in the pharmaceutical industry, where they may be involved in the development of drugs and therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
Overall, immunology is an important field that plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions. It has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Immunology is an important field because it plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions, and it has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Here are a few examples of the importance of immunology:
Overall, immunology is an important field that has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions and in the development of therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
What is Stem cell? Stem Cells Definition Stem cells are unique cells in the body that have the potential to develop into different types of specialized cells or divide to produce more stem cells. Properties of Stem Cells Stem cells possess several intrinsic properties that make them unique and give them remarkable capabilities: These properties … Read more
What is T cell (T Lymphocyte)? Definition of T cell (T Lymphocyte) T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign pathogens, infected cells, and cancer cells. T cells have specialized receptors on … Read more
What are B cells or B lymphocytes? Definition of B cell (B lymphocyte) A B cell, or B lymphocyte, is a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and plays a crucial role in the immune response against infections. Morphology of B cell (B lymphocyte) Structure of B cell (B lymphocyte) Stage-specific Markers Antigen-binding … Read more
What are Neutrophils? Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s defense against infections. They are highly mobile and act as phagocytes, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other harmful substances. Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. They are part … Read more
What are Eosinophils? Definition of Eosinophils Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are involved in combating parasites, regulating allergic reactions, and supporting immune responses. They have distinctive granules in their cytoplasm and play a crucial role in maintaining immune system balance. Characteristics of Eosinophil Eosinophils possess several distinctive characteristics: These characteristics collectively … Read more
What is Dendritic cell? Location of Dendritic cell DCs in lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Blood Skin Gut Structure of Dendritic cells Dendritic cell maturation Mechanism of Dendritic Cells in Immunity – How Dendritic cells work against pathogens? (Immunity) Dendritic Cell Function in Innate Immune System Dendritic Cells Function in Innate Immunity to Adaptive … Read more
What is Body Lines of Defense? Defense Systems – Innate and Acquired Defense Systems When the body encounters invaders, it deploys two distinct types of responses: the Innate (Natural/Non-specific) response and the Acquired (Adaptive/Specific) response. These responses form the body’s defense systems against foreign particles. The Innate response remains consistent regardless of the number of … Read more
What are Anatomical Barriers? Anatomical barriers serve as the first line of defense against invading microbes or parasites, preventing them from entering the body and causing infection. These barriers consist of physical structures that organisms must attach to and penetrate before gaining entrance into the body. Microbes or parasites can enter the body through active … Read more
What is Passive Immunity? Definition of Passive Immunity Passive immunity is the temporary protection against infectious diseases provided by the introduction of pre-formed antibodies from an external source, rather than the body’s own immune response. Characteristics of Passive Immunity Passive immunity possesses several distinct characteristics that differentiate it from active immunity: In summary, passive immunity … Read more
What is Active Immunity? Definition of Active Immunity Active immunity refers to the immunity that is acquired when the body’s own immune system produces antibodies in response to exposure to a foreign antigen, such as a pathogen or vaccine. It provides long-lasting protection against specific antigens. Characteristics of Active Immunity Active immunity possesses several key … Read more
Features Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity Types of acquired immunity An acquired immunity against a microorganism may be produced through the host’s response to the bacterium or by the transfer of particular antibodies or lymphocytes. There are two types of immunity: active and passive. 1. Active immunity Types of Active immunity There are two varieties of active … Read more
The immune system is a complex network of organs, tissues, and cells that work together to keep the body healthy and protect it against outside intruders. Among the numerous components of the immune system, immune system cells play an important role in identifying and removing dangerous chemicals. Primary lymphoid organs and secondary lymphoid organs are … Read more
The immune system is a large network of tissues, organs, proteins, and cells. A properly functioning immune system can discriminate between healthy tissue and foreign things. If it identifies an unwelcome material, it will launch a complicated attack to defend the body from intruders. In addition, it identifies and eliminates damaged and dead cells. However, … Read more
What is Immunity? Definition of Immunity Immunity is the body’s ability to resist or protect itself against harmful pathogens or diseases. What is Immune System? Lymphoid Organs Primary lymphoid organs Secondary lymphoid organs Tertiary lymphoid organs How does Immunity Work? Mechanism of Immunity Types of Immunity The primary purpose of the immune system is to … Read more
What is Precipitation Reaction? Precipitation Reaction Definition Precipitation reaction refers to a chemical reaction in which two soluble substances react to form an insoluble solid compound, known as a precipitate. This reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions containing ions combine, resulting in the formation of an insoluble product that settles out of the solution as … Read more
Activation of B cells requires two signals. Depending on the kind of antigen, B-cell activation occurs via two different pathways, one dependent on helper T cells (TH cells) and the other not. The connection between CD40 of B cells and CD40 ligand of T cells gives a second signal for T-dependent antigen, whereas cross-linking of … Read more
What are Superantigens (SAgs)? Superantigens (SAgs) are a type of antigens that stimulate the immune system excessively. It specifically results in non-specific T-cell activation, polyclonal T-cell activation, and large cytokine release. Superantigens are microbial or viral toxins that constitute a class of disease-associated, immunostimulatory substances and function as V-restricted, highly potent polyclonal T cell mitogens. … Read more
Antigen Processing and Presentation Foreign protein antigen recognition by a T cell needs the presentation of peptides produced from the antigen within the cleft of an MHC molecule on the cell membrane. The production of these peptide-MHC complexes requires the degradation of a protein antigen into peptides, a process known as antigen processing. The degraded … Read more
Antigen Presentation Definition Antigen presentation is the expression of antigen molecules on the surface of a macrophage or other antigen-presenting cell in conjunction with MHC class II molecules when the antigen is being presented to a CD4+ helper T cell or with MHC class I molecules when the antigen is being presented to a CD8+ … Read more
What is Antigen? Antigen Definition An antigen is a foreign molecule or substance that triggers an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies. or An antigen is a substance that can stimulate an immune response in the body. It can be a molecule or a part of a molecule, such as … Read more
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