Iron cycle (Fe) is the biogeochemical circulation of iron through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. In contrast to its abundance in the Earth’s crust, Fe is scarce in oxygenated surface waters. Iron is an essential element for primary productivity and a limiting nutrient in the High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) zones of the Southern ocean, eastern … Read more
Sulphur cycle Definition The sulphur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the movement of sulphur between rocks, waterways, and living organisms. Sulphur is one of the earth’s most prevalent elements. This non-metal is yellow, brittle, odourless, and tasteless. Sulfur is present in all protein types. Methionine, cystine, and cysteine are sulphur-containing amino acids that … Read more
Carbon cycle Definition Carbon cycle is the process by which carbon compounds move between the earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere. The biogeochemical process by which carbon moves between the Earth’s biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere is called the carbon cycle. Carbon is the most important part of all living things and a … Read more
What is Sludge? During sewage/waste water treatment procedures, a semi-liquid substance known as sludge is generated. Generally speaking, sludge is a semisolid liquid containing between 0.5 and 12 percent solids (by weight). The composition of sludge is highly diverse, depending on the origin of the raw sewage and the treatment techniques involved. Some authors refer … Read more
What is Composting? Compost is a mixture of organic materials used as a plant fertiliser and to improve the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of soil. It is typically produced by decomposing plant matter, food scraps, recycling organic materials, and composting manure. Rich in plant nutrients and helpful organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and … Read more
What is Solid Waste Management? Management of solid waste is the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid material that has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can result in unsanitary circumstances, which in turn can lead to environmental contamination and outbreaks of vector-borne diseases, which are transmitted … Read more
What is BOD? BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand, which quantifies the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) required by aerobic organisms to decompose organic material in a given water sample at a certain temperature and time. As BOD is a biological process, it is not a quantitatively precise test. However, BOD is a commonly employed … Read more
Chemical oxygen demand, or COD, indicates the amount of oxygen that can be used by processes in a measured solution. It is often expressed as the mass of oxygen utilised per unit of solution volume, or milligrammes per litre (mg/L) in SI units. The most common application of COD is determining the quantity of oxidizable … Read more
Biological oxygen demand refers to the amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen present) conditions at a certain temperature (BOD). The greater the concentration of organic contaminants in the water, the greater the oxygen demand of the bacteria. Consequently, the level of contamination in a body … Read more
What is Oxidation Pond? Oxidation ponds, also known as lagoons or stabilisation ponds, are huge, shallow ponds meant to remediate wastewater by allowing sunshine, bacteria, and algae to interact. Algae utilise solar energy, carbon dioxide, and inorganic substances produced by bacteria in water to grow. During photosynthesis, algae release the oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms. … Read more
Wastewater treatment or Sewage Treatment The purpose of wastewater treatment is to remove impurities from wastewater and transform it into effluent that may be reintroduced to the water cycle. Once restored to the water cycle, wastewater has a minimal influence on the environment or is reused for a variety of applications (called water reclamation). A … Read more
Fluid wastes consisting of sewage and residential wastewater, or treated water or other liquids, generated by industrial operations, particularly in the pulp and paper industry, the food processing industry, and the chemical manufacturing industry. As such, liquid waste can be defined. Liquids such as wastewater, fats, oils, or grease (FOG), used oil, liquids, sediments, gases, … Read more
What is waste? Any substance or liquid that is left over after productive usage or is unusable in its current state and is often discarded; and Material associated with human activity as opposed to nature, which has its own mechanism for recycling trash so that it finally becomes a resource: for instance, leaves, branches, and … Read more
The structure of hydrocarbon (HC) compounds consists of hydrogen and carbon. The environment is especially polluted by unintended leaks of petroleum products. Some HC compounds can be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to various organisms. Bioremediation is a potential method for the remediation of HC-contaminated sites since it is economical and can result in total mineralization. Utilizing … Read more
What is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation refers to the technologies that utilise plants to clean up chemically contaminated land, air, and water. In addition to being a cost-effective technology for environmental remediation, phytoremediation has proven to be a fantastic solution for all type of environmental problems. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective plant-based method that capitalises on plants’ ability … Read more
What are Pesticides? any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs; … Read more
What is Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)? Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that invade plant roots and encourage plant development (PGPR). The rhizosphere is the zone of soil that is specifically influenced by a plant’s root system. Compared to the bulk soil, this zone is nutrient-rich because to the buildup of plant exudates, such as … Read more
Rhizosphere Definition Rhizosphere effect Definition Structure of Rhizosphere Based on their proximity to the root system, the rhizosphere structure consists of three zones. Characteristics of Rhizosphere Effects of rhizosphere microbial populations on Plants Degradation of organic materials, disease suppression, and nutrient conversions within root zones are just a few of the many chemical changes that … Read more
What are Soil Microorganisms or Soil Microflora? The term “soil microflora” is used to describe the community of microorganisms that make up most of the soil’s organic matter and a smaller, colloidal amount of humus. What is Soil Microfauna? What is Soil Microflora? What is Soil Microbiology? Factors Affecting Microbial Community in Soil Like higher … Read more
What is Soil? Soil Properties Distribution of soil layers Importance of Soil Soil Forming Factors Climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time are the five major factors that influence the formation of soil. One may say that the local soil environment is determined by the relief, climate, and organisms, which work together to induce weathering … Read more
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