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Nucleotides and Nucleosides – Definition, Structure, Function, Types

Nucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, Types

Nucleotides are comprised of three distinguishing elements: (1) a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base, (2) a pentose, and (3) a phosphate. A nucleoside is the molecule without the phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases are derived from pyrimidine and purine, two parent molecules. The common nucleotides’ bases and pentoses are heterocyclic compounds. The base of a nucleotide is … Read more

Peripheral Protein – Structure, Examples, Functions

Peripheral Protein - Structure, Examples, Functions

What is Peripheral Protein? Peripheral protein, or peripheral membrane protein, is a collection of physiologically active amino acid-based molecules that interact with the lipid bilayer surface of cell membranes. Peripheral proteins, unlike integral membrane proteins, do not enter the hydrophobic region within the cell membrane. Instead, peripheral proteins include particular amino acid sequences that enable … Read more

SOS Repair – SOS Response in Bacteria

SOS Repair - SOS Response in Bacteria

What is SOS Response or SOS Repair? Definition of SOS Response or SOS Repair The SOS response or SOS repair is a cellular mechanism activated in response to DNA damage, where the cell cycle is temporarily halted to facilitate DNA repair and mutagenesis. Central to this system is the RecA protein, which, when stimulated by … Read more

Transposition – Definition, Types, Mechanism

Transposition - Definition, Types, Mechanism

What is Transposition? Transposition is the process of shifting genetic sequences from one site in a genome to another. In genetics, transposition refers to the removal and transfer of a DNA segment from one location on the same or a different chromosome to another. It differs from the transmission of genes from parents to offspring … Read more

Climax Community – Definition, Characteristics, Theories

Climax Community - Definition, Characteristics, Theories

What is climax community? In the field of ecology, a climax community or climatic climax community is an old term for a group of plants, animals, and fungi that have reached a steady state through the process of ecological succession in the growth of vegetation in an area over time. It was believed that this … Read more

DNA Recombination – Definition, Mechanisms, Types

DNA Recombination - Definition, Mechanisms, Types

What is DNA Recombination? The main thing that happens in recombination is the exchange of genetic information. Genetic recombination is the process of changing the order of genetic information within and between DNA molecules. This can happen in a number of ways. Now, scientists are looking into how DNA rearrangements can be used to change … Read more

Rolling Circle Replication –  Mechanism, Application

Rolling Circle Replication -  Mechanism, Application

In 1968, the rolling circle model of DNA replication was first proposed. This model describes the DNA replication mechanism in circular plasmids and single-stranded circular DNA of viruses. Numerous plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal replication. Numerous circularly closed plasmids reproduce autonomously using a process known as rolling circle replication. Unidirectional replication is another name for … Read more

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

HSP heavy strand promoter LSP light strand promoter MGME1 mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1 mtSSB mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein NCR noncoding region TAS termination-associated sequence Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16.6 kilobase double-stranded molecule. One strand of mitochondrial DNA is rich in guanines, allowing density centrifugation in alkaline CsCl2 gradients to distinguish between a heavy … Read more

Theta Model of Replication – Definition, Mechanism

Theta Model of Replication - Definition, Mechanism

Following the work of Meselson and Stahl, researchers confirmed that other organisms use semiconservative replication. However, semiconservative replication can occur in a number of distinct ways, distinguished primarily by the nature of the template DNA (linear or circular) and the number of replication forks. Replicons are the individual units of replication, and each one contains … Read more

Different Plasma Membrane Models

Different Plasma Membrane Models

Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane refers to the envelope-like membrane or structure that surrounds the cell and its organelles. It is a double-membraned organelle that is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is also known as the phospholipid bilayer. In all live cells, the plasma membrane serves as a barrier and is selectively permeable, … Read more

Levels of Ecological Organization – Definition, Examples

Levels of Ecological Organization - Definition, Examples

Ecological levels of organization Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere Ecological Level 1 – Organisms Ecological Level 2 – Population Ecological Level 3 – Biological Community Types of Community Depending on how big they are and how independent they are, communities can be put into two groups: Major Community Minor … Read more

List of Top Biotechnology Techniques

List of Top Biotechnology Techniques

Principles Of Biotechnology Biotechnology has grown and changed a lot over the years. The old way of doing it was to use microbes to make products that people could use. Now, the new way is to use genes to make vaccines. So, the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has come up with a new definition … Read more

Okazaki Fragments – Definition, Discovery, Formation, Enzymes, Importance

Okazaki fragments Definition, Formation, Importance

What are Okazaki Fragments? Okazaki Fragments Definition Okazaki fragments are short DNA sequences synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication, which are later joined together to form a continuous strand. Why do okazaki fragments form? Why okazaki fragments are formed? Okazaki fragments form due to the inherent nature of DNA polymerase and the … Read more

Semiconservative Replication of DNA – Mechanism

Semiconservative Replication of DNA - Mechanism

DNA is just one way that humans and other living things carry their genetic information. The information, which has been turned into a code, is stored in the DNA bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. This is the plan that helps figure out what the organism looks like. DNA helps an organism store the information … Read more

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic dna replication

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic dna replication

DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. DNA replication is the biological process whereby two identical copies of DNA are synthesised from a single DNA molecule. DNA replication guarantees that each daughter cell inherits an identical set of genetic information from its parent cells. DNA polymerases are enzymes … Read more

What are Telomeres and Telomerases?

Telomeres and Telomerases

A ribonucleoprotein known as telomerase, terminal transferase adds a repeat sequence of telomeres to the 3′ end of chromosomes, the length of which varies depending on species. In most eukaryotic organisms, the chromosomal ends are capped by a repeating sequence known as a telomere. Telomeres prevent DNA damage and chromosomal fusion at the chromosome’s end. … Read more

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