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in Genetics

tRNA Structure, Definition, Functions, Types

Transfer RNAs, or tRNAs, are molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosome based on the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA). In this manner, they serve as the link between nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Because tRNAs are ribonucleic acids, they can establish hydrogen bonds with mRNA. In addition, they can create ester bonds

Sep 19 · 14 min read

tRNA Structure, Definition, Functions, Types

in Genetics

RNA – Definition, Structure, Types, Application

RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides composed of ribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (instead of thymine). Similar to DNA, the nucleotides are connected by a phosphodiester bond. Most RNA molecules consist of a single strand. However, an RNA strand can create secondary structures such as hairpins with complementary base pairing and

Sep 19 · 10 min read

RNA - Definition, Structure, Types, Application

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Frederick Griffith Experiment: Bacterial transformation

The hunt for genetic material began in the middle of the nineteenth century. The principle of inheritance was discovered by Mendel. Mendel concluded from his research that some ‘factors’ are transmitted from one generation to the next. Mendel’s Law of Inheritance served as the foundation for genetic material study. Keeping his conclusions in mind, subsequent

Sep 19 · 2 min read

Frederick Griffith

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Hershey–Chase experiment On DNA

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase did a series of tests in 1952 called the Hershey–Chase experiments. These tests helped prove that DNA is genetic material. Alfred Hershey, who was a scientist, and Martha Chase Biologists have known about DNA since 1869, but at the time, many scientists still thought that proteins carried the information for

Sep 19 · 4 min read

Hershey–Chase experiment On DNA

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Experiments on DNA Structure

Many individuals believe that in the 1950s, American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA. In actuality, this is not true. DNA was discovered by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher in the late 1860s. Then, in the decades that followed Miescher’s discovery, other scientists, notably Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff, conducted a

Sep 19 · 6 min read

Experiments on DNA Structure

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Watson and Crick Model of DNA

A German biochemist discovered in the late nineteenth century that nucleic acids, which are long-chain polymers of nucleotides, are composed of sugar, phosphoric acid, and numerous nitrogen-containing bases. Later, it was discovered that nucleic acid’s sugar can be either ribose or deoxyribose, resulting in two forms: RNA and DNA. Oswald Avery demonstrated in 1943 that

Sep 18 · 6 min read

Watson and Crick Model of DNA

in Genetics, Molecular biology

DNA – Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions

What is DNA? DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides stuck together (or simply deoxynucleotides). It is made up of deoxyadenylate (dAMP), deoxyguanylate (dGMP), deoxycytidylate (dCMP), and deoxythymidylate (dTMP) units (dTMP) (Some authors prefer to use TMP instead of deoxythymidylate because it is only found in DNA.) DNA molecules are made up of nucleic acids, which

Sep 18 · 27 min read

DNA - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides – Structure, Occurrence and Properties

Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Structure of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Cytosine, thymine, uracil, and orotate are the most common pyrimidines in nucleotides. In comparison to the typical pyrimidine ring structure, cytosine has oxo (keto) and amino groups at positions 2 and 4, while orotate has oxo groups at positions 2 and 4 and a carboxyl

Sep 18 · 5 min read

Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides - Structure, Occurrence and Properties

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Nucleotides and Nucleosides – Definition, Structure, Function, Types

Nucleotides are comprised of three distinguishing elements: (1) a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base, (2) a pentose, and (3) a phosphate. A nucleoside is the molecule without the phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases are derived from pyrimidine and purine, two parent molecules. The common nucleotides’ bases and pentoses are heterocyclic compounds. The base of a nucleotide is

Sep 17 · 29 min read

Nucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, Types

in Cell Biology

Channel Protein – Definition, Structure, Function, Example

What is Channel Protein? A channel protein is a unique arrangement of amino acids that is imbedded in the cell membrane and provides a hydrophilic pathway for water and tiny polar ions. As with all transport proteins, the size and form of each channel protein excludes all save the most particular molecules. Embedded beneath the

Sep 17 · 5 min read

Channel Protein - Definition, Structure, Function, Example

in Cell Biology

Peripheral Protein – Structure, Examples, Functions

What is Peripheral Protein? Peripheral protein, or peripheral membrane protein, is a collection of physiologically active amino acid-based molecules that interact with the lipid bilayer surface of cell membranes. Peripheral proteins, unlike integral membrane proteins, do not enter the hydrophobic region within the cell membrane. Instead, peripheral proteins include particular amino acid sequences that enable

Sep 17 · 9 min read

Peripheral Protein - Structure, Examples, Functions

in Zoology

X Ray fish – Reproduction, Habitat, Diet, Anatomy

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Characiformes Family Characidae Genus Pristella Species P. maxillaris Niche Aquatic fish Length 1.6-1.9 in (3.2-5 cm) Lifespan 2-5 years Social Structure Schooling Conservation Status Not listed (common) Preferred Habitat Freshwater ponds and lakes in South America Average Spawn Size 350 Main Prey Species Worms, insects, small crustaceans Predators

Sep 16 · 5 min read

X Ray fish

in Microbiology Techniques

How To Use A Microscope Properly

Carry the microscope close to your body, with one hand on the arm and the other on the base, when moving it. If you are confused of which component of the microscope is which, I suggest starting with this section on Microscope Parts & Functions. After removing the dust cover, if applicable, and plugging in

Sep 16 · 4 min read

How To Use A Properly Use A Microscope

in Molecular biology

SOS Repair – SOS Response in Bacteria

What is SOS Response or SOS Repair? The SOS response is a worldwide gene regulation mechanism that bacteria such as Escherichia coli employ to respond to treatments that damage DNA or limit DNA replication. Miroslav Radman discovered and named the SOS reaction in 1975. When bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions that result in extensive

Sep 16 · 10 min read

SOS Repair - SOS Response in Bacteria

in Genetics

Transposition – Definition, Types, Mechanism

What is Transposition? Transposition is the process of shifting genetic sequences from one site in a genome to another. In genetics, transposition refers to the removal and transfer of a DNA segment from one location on the same or a different chromosome to another. It differs from the transmission of genes from parents to offspring

Sep 15 · 11 min read

Transposition - Definition, Types, Mechanism

in Zoology

Sere Community – Definition, Classification

In ecological terms, the stages of a community’s development are called seral stages, and the last stage is called the climax community. The first group of people to live in an area, which is replaced over time by a series of new groups until the climax, is called the pioneer stage. A sere is the

Sep 15 · 2 min read

Sere Community - Definition, Classification

in Environmental Microbiology

Climax Community – Definition, Characteristics, Theories

What is climax community? In the field of ecology, a climax community or climatic climax community is an old term for a group of plants, animals, and fungi that have reached a steady state through the process of ecological succession in the growth of vegetation in an area over time. It was believed that this

Sep 15 · 7 min read

Climax Community - Definition, Characteristics, Theories

in Genetics

DNA Recombination – Definition, Mechanisms, Types

What is DNA Recombination? The main thing that happens in recombination is the exchange of genetic information. Genetic recombination is the process of changing the order of genetic information within and between DNA molecules. This can happen in a number of ways. Now, scientists are looking into how DNA rearrangements can be used to change

Sep 15 · 16 min read

DNA Recombination - Definition, Mechanisms, Types

in Molecular biology

Rolling Circle Replication – Mechanism, Application

In 1968, the rolling circle model of DNA replication was first proposed. This model describes the DNA replication mechanism in circular plasmids and single-stranded circular DNA of viruses. Numerous plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal replication. Numerous circularly closed plasmids reproduce autonomously using a process known as rolling circle replication. Unidirectional replication is another name for

Sep 15 · 9 min read

Rolling Circle Replication - Mechanism, Application

in Genetics

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

HSP heavy strand promoter LSP light strand promoter MGME1 mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1 mtSSB mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein NCR noncoding region TAS termination-associated sequence Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16.6 kilobase double-stranded molecule. One strand of mitochondrial DNA is rich in guanines, allowing density centrifugation in alkaline CsCl2 gradients to distinguish between a heavy

Sep 14 · 11 min read

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

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