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What is Cryosleep? Is Cryosleep Possible?

What is Cryosleep? Is Cryosleep Possible?

If you're a fan of sci-fi films You may have been aware of cryosleep. In fact, if you've not...
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How to use Measuring Cylinder to measure volume

How to use Measuring Cylinder to measure volume?

A measuring cylinder is a laboratory equipment used to determine the volume of liquid. Also known as a graduated...
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How can you prevent pipetting mistakes

How can you prevent pipetting mistakes?

We all make mistakes as lab technicians. Pipettes.com makes it a priority for scientists to avoid making mistakes and...
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Why is it so hard to cure cancer?

Why is it so hard to cure cancer?

What is the reason it's so difficult to fight cancer? We've made use of electricity and sequencing our human...
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How do Carbohydrates impacts your health?

How do Carbohydrates impacts your health?

Which one has the lowest amount of carbs? This bread roll? That bowl of rice? Or maybe this soda...
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How do your hormones work?

How do your hormones work?

In the course of our lives our bodies go through numerous extraordinary transformations: we get older as we age,...
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What is a calorie?

What is a calorie?

We get asked about calories every day. How many calories are contained in this cookie? How many calories are...
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The genes you don't get from your parents (but can't live without)

The genes you don’t get from your parents (but can’t live without)

et of genes completely separate from the 23 pairs of chromosomes we inherit from our parents. And this isn’t...
MN Editors avatar MN Editors in How To
How does alcohol make you drunk?

How does alcohol make you drunk?

Ethanol, this molecule made of little more than a few carbon atoms is responsible for drunkenness. Often simply referred...
MN Editors avatar MN Editors in How To
CGPA to Percentage Calculation

CGPA to Percentage Calculation, What is CGPA?

CGPA to Percentage Calculation, In this article we will learn how we can calculate percentage from CGPA for CBSE...
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Micobiologists

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This article writter by MN Editors on February 20, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Cell Biology

Mesosomes Definition, Functions

Mesosomes and chondrioids are foldable into invaginations of the plasma membranes of bacteria. They are made through chemical fixation techniques that are used to prepare samples for electron microscopy.

Feb 20 · 2 min read >
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Mesosomes Definition, Functions
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 19, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Cell Biology

Ribosome Definition, Structure, Size, Location, Function, Characteristics

Ribosomes, sometimes referred to as Palade granules (after the discovery of George Palade and due to their granular shape) are macromolecular devices which are present in every cell, and that carry out biochemical protein synthesizing (mRNA translation).

Feb 19 · 8 min read >
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Ribosome Definition, Structure, Function, Characteristics
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 18, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Basic Microbiology

Cell membrane structures and functions

Cell membrane (also called"the plasma membrane (PM) or the cytoplasmic membrane and has been traditionally known as"the plasmalemma) is a membrane in the body which separates the inner part and exterior of cells. It also separates them from their external environment (the extracellular spaces) and shields cells from the elements.

Feb 18 · 15 min read >
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Cell membrane structures and functions
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 17, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Antimicrobial Drugs

Effect of antibiotics on the cell wall

In the early 20th century there was no treatment to treat infections caused by bacteria. This included tuberculosis and pneumonia, as well as the rheumatic and gonorrhea diseases, and infections of the urinary tract. However, in 1929 the the bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovered the first real antibiotic, penicillin, heralding a new era of medical science.

Feb 17 · 5 min read >
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Effect of antibiotics on the cell wall
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 16, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

L-form bacteria Definition, Size and shape, Culturing , Applications

"L-form" bacteria are also referred to as L-phase bacteria or L-phase variants, and cell wall deficient (CWD) bacteria are bacteria with no cell walls. They were first identified around 1935, by the scientist Emmy Klieneberger Nobel who identified them as "L-forms" after the Lister Institute in London which she was working at.

Feb 16 · 5 min read >
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L-form bacteria Definition, Size and shape, Culturing , Applications
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Bacterial Culture Technique

Microbiological cultures, also known as Microbial cultureis the technique of generating microbial species by the process of letting them reproduce in a conditions in a monitored laboratory conditions. Microbiological cultures are fundamental and essential diagnostic methods that are employed as research tools within molecular biology. The term"culture" could be used to describe the microorganisms that are being grown.

Feb 15 · 7 min read >
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Bacterial Culture Technique
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Protoplast Culture Methods

Isolated protoplasts can be cultured in a liquid medium , or semisolid agar medium , either in thin layers or tiny drops of nutrient medium in petridish. The medium used to cultivate protoplasts is the same as that needed for suspension or callus culture.

Feb 15 · 2 min read >
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Protoplast Culture Methods
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Protoplasts fusion – Somatic fusion

The process of somatic fusion is also known as protoplast Fusion, is a kind of genetic modification of plants in which two plant species are merged into a hybrid plant that has the traits of both species the species, an somatic hybrid. Hybrids are created among different species that are of the exact same species (e.g. between non-flowering potato...

Feb 15 · 8 min read >
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Protoplasts fusion - Somatic fusion
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Protoplasts Isolation

The protoplast, sometimes referred to as a naked plant cell refers to all the constituents in a cell of plant that are not the wall of the cell. The term"protoplast" was first used in the work of Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the living matter contained within the membrane of the plant cell. The protoplast that is isolated...

Feb 15 · 6 min read >
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Protoplasts Isolation
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Protoplasts Definition, Application and Protoplasts Culture

Protoplasts are plant cells that are completely naked with no cell wall however they do have plasma membranes and other components of the cell. They are functional cells, but without the presence of a barrier, cell wall. Protoplasts from various species can be merged to create a hybrid, and this is known as somatic hybridization (or protoplast fusion). Cybridization...

Feb 15 · 5 min read >
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Protoplasts Definition, Application and Protoplasts Culture
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 15, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Sphaeroplasts Definition, Formation, Applications

A Spheroplast (or sphaeroplast according to British use) can be described as a microbe organism with a cell wall that is almost entirely gone through the penicillin or Lysozyme. According to certain definitions the term is employed to refer to Gram-negative bacteria. In other definitions, the word also includes yeasts. Spheroplast's name is derived in the sense that once...

Feb 15 · 2 min read >
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Sphaeroplasts Definition, Formation, Applications
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 14, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Structure, Functions

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are huge molecules that comprise the lipid and an O-antigen-based polysaccharide an outer core and an inner core that are joined via covalent bonds. They are located in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.

Feb 14 · 4 min read >
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Structure, Functions
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 14, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Archaebacteria Definition, Types, Characteristics, Structure, Examples

A unique characteristic of archaebacteria is their capacity to withstand extreme conditions which include very acidic, salty, and extremely hot environments. Archaebacteria have survived temperatures that reach 190 degrees Fahrenheit, which is just 22 degrees less than what is considered to be the water's boiling point and acids that are as high as 0.9 pH.

Feb 14 · 13 min read >
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Archaebacteria Definition, Types, Characteristics, Structure, Examples
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 14, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Cell Wall Structure of Archaebacteria 

As with any prokaryote other than archaea's cell wall, it surrounds the cell and mediates the interaction of the cell with its environment.

Feb 14 · 6 min read >
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Cell Wall Structure of Archaebacteria 
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 13, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Structure of Gram-negative cell wall

Cell wall of the Gram-negative is more complicated than the Gram-positive cell wall. The amount of peptidoglycan present in the Gram-negative cell wall is considerably lower than that of that of the cell's Gram positive wall. There are only a few layers of peptidoglycan (2-8 millimeters) are visible in the cell membrane's outermost. A Gram-negative wall that lies outside...

Feb 13 · 3 min read >
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Structure of Gram-negative cell wall
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 13, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Structure of Gram-positive cell wall

The cell's outer envelope is an organelle and physiological protection between the protoplasm (inside) of the cell and its external environment. The cell envelope guards bacteria from osmotic destruction and gives bacteria a rigid form. The cell envelope is composed of two elements that are a cell wall as well as a cytoplasmic or plasma membrane. It is a...

Feb 13 · 6 min read >
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Structure of Gram-positive cell wall
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 11, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Genetics

Epistasis Definition, Types, Examples

Epistasis is the interplay between genes that influence the character. Genes may mask one to the point that one gene is thought to be "dominant" or they can be combined to create a new characteristic. It's the relation between two genes that could be the basis for a particular phenotype of certain characteristics. Each locus has two alleles that...

Feb 11 · 8 min read >
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Epistasis Definition, Types, Examples
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 10, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Bacteriology

Endotoxin Definition, Examples, Structure, Virulence Mechanism

Endotoxin is a type of lipopolysaccharide, LPS. It is a part of the lipid that contains disaccharide disaccharidephosphates, fatty acids as well as core polysaccharides, and the O-antigen (see picture).

Feb 10 · 10 min read >
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Endotoxin Definition, Examples, Structure, Virulence Mechanism
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 07, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Medical Microbiology

Normal Human Microbiota Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages.

From shortly after birth to death, the skin and mucous membranes are home to a diverse microbial fauna. The average human body contains 1013 cells and harbors 1014 bacteria. This is the normal microbial population. The normal microbial fauna is stable. During certain times in a person’s life, specific genera may populate different body regions.

Feb 7 · 18 min read >
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Normal Flora of Hman Body
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This article writter by MN Editors on February 07, 2022

Microbiology Notes is an educational niche blog related to microbiology (bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology.

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in Culture Media

Burkholderia Cepacia Agar Base Preparation, Composition, Principle

Burkholderia cepacia can be viewed as an opportunity-based bacterium that is associated with nosocomial illnesses caused by contamination of medical equipment and disinfectants. However, the highest risk group is CF patients. People with cystic fibrosis are at an increased risk of infection. those with the infection, if not treated are prone to rapid declines of lung functions, frequent bacteremia...

Feb 7 · 3 min read >
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Burkholderia Cepacia Agar Base Preparation
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Nylander’s Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, Result

    Nylander’s Test is a type of chemical test used to determine the presence of reducing sugars. Sugars like fructose...

    May 23 · 1 min read >
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    Nylander’s Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Osazone Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, Result

    The Osazone test is a type of biochemical test which is used to detect reducing sugars. This test can...

    May 22 · 2 min read >
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    Osazone Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Peroxide Value Test Principle, Procedure, Result

    Unsaturated fish oils are especially vulnerable to oxidation, resulting in peroxides when stored in cold or freezing conditions for...

    May 20 · 3 min read >
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    Peroxide Value Test Procedure
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates

    The phenol-sulfuric acid technique is a fast and easy method for determining the amount of carbohydrates present in an...

    May 17 · 2 min read >
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    Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Picric Acid Test for Glucose – Principle, Procedure, Result

    Picric acid test is used for reducing sugars, and is a highly sensitive chemical tests. Picric acid reactions (toxic...

    May 13 · 1 min read >
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    Picric Acid Test for Glucose - Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Nelson Somogyi Method for Determination of reducing sugars

    Nelson-Somogyi method can be used to quantify the reduction of sugar using arsenolmolibdat and copper reagents. The principle behind...

    May 12 · 2 min read >
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    Nelson Somogyi Method for Determination of reducing sugars
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Rapid Furfural Test for Glucose and Fructose

    The rapid furfural test is a type of chemical test which is used to determine the difference between fructose...

    May 11 · 1 min read >
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    Rapid Furfural Test for Glucose and Fructose
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Molisch’s Test Objective, Principle, Procedure, Result

    This is a test that is common for all carbohydrate larger than the tetroses. The test works on the...

    May 11 · 4 min read >
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    Molisch’s Test Objective, Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Mucic acid test – Principle, Procedure, Result

    Mucic acid test tests for lactose and galactose. The sugar is transformed into carboxylic acid using hot nitric acid....

    May 5 · 1 min read >
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    Mucic acid test - Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Seliwanoff’s Test Principle, Procedure, Result

    Seliwanoff’s test is a type of chemical test that used to differentiate between ketose and aldose sugars. If the...

    May 5 · 2 min read >
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    Seliwanoff's Test Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Bial test for pentoses Principle, Objective, Procedure, Result

    What is Bial’s test? Bial’s Test is a type of chemical test which is used to determine the existence...

    May 4 · 2 min read >
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    Bial’s test Principle, Objective, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Staining

    Amoeba Staining, Fixing, Techniques

    Amoeba (less often spelled ameba, or amoeba, plural am(o)ebas or am(o)ebae) is often referred to as an amoeboid, is...

    May 2 · 3 min read >
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    Amoeba - Fixing, Staining Techniques
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    MN Editors in Biochemical Test

    Phenylalanine Deaminase Test Principle, Procedure, Result

    The Phenylalanine Deaminase (PDA) test can be utilized to identify Gram-negative bacilli that are urea-positive due to the capacity...

    Apr 13 · 4 min read >
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    Phenylalanine Deaminase Test Principle, Procedure, Result
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Tryptone Soya Broth for the enrichment of Staph. aureus

    Supplemented with sodium pyruvate and sodium chloride, tryptone soya soup can be used for selective enrichment of Staphylococcus Aureus. 

    Mar 26 · 1 min read >
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    Tryptone Soya Broth for the enrichment of Staph. aureus
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Salt Meat Broth

    Salt Meat Broth is used as an enrichment medium for staphylococci isolation from severely contaminated specimens.

    Mar 26 · 1 min read >
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    Salt Meat Broth
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    MN Editors in Protocols

    Giolitti-Cantoni Broth for Staphylococcus aureus

    Giolitti Cantoni Broth Base with the addition of potassium tellurite is utilized to enrich selectively Staphylococcus aureus, a food-borne...

    Mar 20 · 2 min read >
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    Giolitti-Cantoni Broth for Staphylococcus aureus
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Burkholderia Cepacia Agar Base Preparation, Composition, Principle

    Burkholderia cepacia can be viewed as an opportunity-based bacterium that is associated with nosocomial illnesses caused by contamination of...

    Feb 7 · 3 min read >
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    Burkholderia Cepacia Agar Base Preparation
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Classification of Culture Media

    When it comes to culturing bacteria, it is crucial to create the same environmental and nutritional conditions as those...

    Feb 6 · 17 min read >
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    Classification of Culture Media
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Preparation of Solid Media – Agar deep tubes, Agar Slants, Plates

    If the broth medium is supplemented with agar-agar it is referred to as agar medium like the nutrient Agar...

    Feb 5 · 3 min read >
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    Preparation of Solid Media - agar deep tubes, Agar Slants, Plates
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    MN Editors in Culture Media

    Lysogeny broth (LB) Preparation

    LB is the most widely used bacterial culture medium but its roots lie in the area of genetics of...

    Feb 5 · 4 min read >
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    Lysogeny broth (LB) Preparation

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