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in Genetics, Molecular biology

DNA – Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions

What is DNA? DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides stuck together (or simply deoxynucleotides). It is made up of deoxyadenylate (dAMP), deoxyguanylate (dGMP), deoxycytidylate (dCMP), and deoxythymidylate (dTMP) units (dTMP) (Some authors prefer to use TMP instead of deoxythymidylate because it is only found in DNA.) DNA molecules are made up of nucleic acids, which

Sep 18 · 27 min read

DNA - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides – Structure, Occurrence and Properties

Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Structure of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Cytosine, thymine, uracil, and orotate are the most common pyrimidines in nucleotides. In comparison to the typical pyrimidine ring structure, cytosine has oxo (keto) and amino groups at positions 2 and 4, while orotate has oxo groups at positions 2 and 4 and a carboxyl

Sep 18 · 5 min read

Pyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides - Structure, Occurrence and Properties

in Genetics, Molecular biology

Nucleotides and Nucleosides – Definition, Structure, Function, Types

Nucleotides are comprised of three distinguishing elements: (1) a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base, (2) a pentose, and (3) a phosphate. A nucleoside is the molecule without the phosphate group. The nitrogenous bases are derived from pyrimidine and purine, two parent molecules. The common nucleotides’ bases and pentoses are heterocyclic compounds. The base of a nucleotide is

Sep 17 · 29 min read

Nucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, Types

in Cell Biology

Channel Protein – Definition, Structure, Function, Example

What is Channel Protein? A channel protein is a unique arrangement of amino acids that is imbedded in the cell membrane and provides a hydrophilic pathway for water and tiny polar ions. As with all transport proteins, the size and form of each channel protein excludes all save the most particular molecules. Embedded beneath the

Sep 17 · 5 min read

Channel Protein - Definition, Structure, Function, Example

in Cell Biology

Peripheral Protein – Structure, Examples, Functions

What is Peripheral Protein? Peripheral protein, or peripheral membrane protein, is a collection of physiologically active amino acid-based molecules that interact with the lipid bilayer surface of cell membranes. Peripheral proteins, unlike integral membrane proteins, do not enter the hydrophobic region within the cell membrane. Instead, peripheral proteins include particular amino acid sequences that enable

Sep 17 · 9 min read

Peripheral Protein - Structure, Examples, Functions

in Zoology

X Ray fish – Reproduction, Habitat, Diet, Anatomy

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Characiformes Family Characidae Genus Pristella Species P. maxillaris Niche Aquatic fish Length 1.6-1.9 in (3.2-5 cm) Lifespan 2-5 years Social Structure Schooling Conservation Status Not listed (common) Preferred Habitat Freshwater ponds and lakes in South America Average Spawn Size 350 Main Prey Species Worms, insects, small crustaceans Predators

Sep 16 · 5 min read

X Ray fish

in Microbiology Techniques

How To Use A Microscope Properly

Carry the microscope close to your body, with one hand on the arm and the other on the base, when moving it. If you are confused of which component of the microscope is which, I suggest starting with this section on Microscope Parts & Functions. After removing the dust cover, if applicable, and plugging in

Sep 16 · 4 min read

How To Use A Properly Use A Microscope

in Molecular biology

SOS Repair – SOS Response in Bacteria

What is SOS Response or SOS Repair? The SOS response is a worldwide gene regulation mechanism that bacteria such as Escherichia coli employ to respond to treatments that damage DNA or limit DNA replication. Miroslav Radman discovered and named the SOS reaction in 1975. When bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions that result in extensive

Sep 16 · 10 min read

SOS Repair - SOS Response in Bacteria

in Genetics

Transposition – Definition, Types, Mechanism

What is Transposition? Transposition is the process of shifting genetic sequences from one site in a genome to another. In genetics, transposition refers to the removal and transfer of a DNA segment from one location on the same or a different chromosome to another. It differs from the transmission of genes from parents to offspring

Sep 15 · 11 min read

Transposition - Definition, Types, Mechanism

in Zoology

Sere Community – Definition, Classification

In ecological terms, the stages of a community’s development are called seral stages, and the last stage is called the climax community. The first group of people to live in an area, which is replaced over time by a series of new groups until the climax, is called the pioneer stage. A sere is the

Sep 15 · 2 min read

Sere Community - Definition, Classification

in Environmental Microbiology

Climax Community – Definition, Characteristics, Theories

What is climax community? In the field of ecology, a climax community or climatic climax community is an old term for a group of plants, animals, and fungi that have reached a steady state through the process of ecological succession in the growth of vegetation in an area over time. It was believed that this

Sep 15 · 7 min read

Climax Community - Definition, Characteristics, Theories

in Genetics

DNA Recombination – Definition, Mechanisms, Types

What is DNA Recombination? The main thing that happens in recombination is the exchange of genetic information. Genetic recombination is the process of changing the order of genetic information within and between DNA molecules. This can happen in a number of ways. Now, scientists are looking into how DNA rearrangements can be used to change

Sep 15 · 16 min read

DNA Recombination - Definition, Mechanisms, Types

in Molecular biology

Rolling Circle Replication – Mechanism, Application

In 1968, the rolling circle model of DNA replication was first proposed. This model describes the DNA replication mechanism in circular plasmids and single-stranded circular DNA of viruses. Numerous plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal replication. Numerous circularly closed plasmids reproduce autonomously using a process known as rolling circle replication. Unidirectional replication is another name for

Sep 15 · 9 min read

Rolling Circle Replication - Mechanism, Application

in Genetics

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

HSP heavy strand promoter LSP light strand promoter MGME1 mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1 mtSSB mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein NCR noncoding region TAS termination-associated sequence Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a 16.6 kilobase double-stranded molecule. One strand of mitochondrial DNA is rich in guanines, allowing density centrifugation in alkaline CsCl2 gradients to distinguish between a heavy

Sep 14 · 11 min read

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

in Molecular biology

Theta Model of Replication – Definition, Mechanism

Following the work of Meselson and Stahl, researchers confirmed that other organisms use semiconservative replication. However, semiconservative replication can occur in a number of distinct ways, distinguished primarily by the nature of the template DNA (linear or circular) and the number of replication forks. Replicons are the individual units of replication, and each one contains

Sep 14 · 3 min read

Theta Model of Replication - Definition, Mechanism

in Genetics

Plasmid Replication – Mechanism With Diagram

What are plasmids? In addition to the chromosome (nucleoid) of bacteria, the cytoplasm of bacterial cells typically contains genetic components. These genetic components live independently of the chromosome and proliferate as plasmids. or Plasmids are double-stranded, self-replicating DNA segments with a few kilobases that are often found in gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, as well

Sep 14 · 5 min read

Plasmid Replication - Mechanism With Diagram

in Cell Biology

Different Plasma Membrane Models

Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane refers to the envelope-like membrane or structure that surrounds the cell and its organelles. It is a double-membraned organelle that is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is also known as the phospholipid bilayer. In all live cells, the plasma membrane serves as a barrier and is selectively permeable,

Sep 14 · 9 min read

Different Plasma Membrane Models

in Biochemistry

Protein Purification Methods

What is Protein Purification? In biochemistry, a protein is a long chain of amino acids that are all linked together. Proteins are an important part of how cells are built and how they work. But if you want to study proteins, you need to find and separate them first. Biochemists do something called “high-throughput protein

Sep 13 · 10 min read

Protein Purification Methods

in Environmental Microbiology

Levels of Ecological Organization – Definition, Examples

Ecological levels of organization Ecology is the scientific study of how life is spread out and how much of it there is, as well as how different living things interact with their natural surroundings. Ecology is a branch of biology. The word “ecology” comes from a Greek word that means “house” or “environment.” People can

Sep 13 · 3 min read

Levels of Ecological Organization - Definition, Examples

in Biotechnology

List of Top Biotechnology Techniques

Principles Of Biotechnology Biotechnology has grown and changed a lot over the years. The old way of doing it was to use microbes to make products that people could use. Now, the new way is to use genes to make vaccines. So, the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has come up with a new definition

Sep 12 · 15 min read

List of Top Biotechnology Techniques

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