The rough and smooth ERs are the two kinds of endoplasmic-reticulum that form an interconnected system made up of membrane-bound channels that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm. ER is an organelle that is enclosed by membranes found only in the eukaryotic cell. The ER is comprised of a membrane structure called Cisternae. The rough look of the ER is reflected by the bound ribosomes found on the surface. Its rough ER produces and stores protein. Smooth ER however, on the hand, assists with the storage and long-term preservation of protein as well as fats. The major distinction between rough and smooth ER is the fact that smooth ER does not have bound ribosomes, whereas the rough ER is bound by the ribosomes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

• The rough endoplasmic-reticulum is a kind of endoplasmic reticulum that is composed of sacs that are flattened, and studded with protein-synthesizing Ribosomes that are located on the surface.
• The rough endoplasmic-reticulum is part of the endomembrane system which is located in the cell’s cytoplasm.
• The organelle plays a role in the folding, synthesis modifications, and transportation of proteins to organelles inside the cell or out of the cell.
• The name “rough” ER is due to how ribosomes appear the surface of the ER as studs when beneath the microscope.
• In both animal and plant cells The RER membrane is connected to the nuclear membrane.
• It’s usually found near the Golgi apparatus. The proteins synthesized by the ribosomes of RER are packed into vesicles before being transferred to the Golgi body.
• Rough ER is composed mainly of sacs that are flattened, referred to as Cisternae, with a small tubules. The membrane also comes with a vital protein complex known as translocon which is crucial for the translocon’s function within RER.
• The ribosomes attach to the reticulum’s endoplasmic with the aid of the group of proteinsknown as ribophorins.
• Its structure in rough ER is determined by that it contains cytoskeletal components such as microtubules. Changes in microtubules lead to changes in structures of RER.
• In addition, the ribosomes that are present within the rough ER frequently break off and grow into individual cisternae.
• In the lumen of RER new proteins undergo minor modifications, such as cutting off signal sequences, and glycosylation. Certain proteins may alter their 3-dimensional structure in the lumen.
• The ER that is rough is closely linked with the creation of Lysosomes.
• Additionally rough ER is also a key function in quality control when folding proteins. The ratio of tubules to sheets is altered when the number of unfolded proteins grows within the cell.
• Sometimes, apoptosis can be initiated within the cell due to the rise in the amount of proteins that are unfolded.
• Similar to rough ER also has several enzymes that play a role in the process of RNA metabolism. They work to modify and bind the structure of RNA.
• But, various diseases could result from the improper folding of proteins within the RER. Disease like spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia is attributed due to the accumulation of misfolded collagen proteins in the RER.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

• Smooth endoplasmic retina (SER) can be described as a kind of endoplasmic reticulum that consists of tubular vesicles, which lack ribosomes on the surface and plays a role in the production and storage of liquids.
• Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane cellular system. forms important structural lipids, such as cholesterol as well as phospholipids.
• The term “smooth” refers to that there are no ribosomes from the exterior surface, resulting in a smooth, smooth surface.
• Smooth ER is made from rough ER following the detachment of the ribosomes that are already present on the surface.
• Smooth ER as rough ER is present in both plants and animals. In humans the smooth ER is present in liver cells that make steroid hormones.
• The smooth endoplasmic-reticulum is comprised of a network of tubules. It’s mostly found near cells’ membranes.
• These structures are typically related to the formation of oleosomes, spherosomes, or s.
• Tubular structures of the smooth ER is apparent in muscles and nerve cells of humans. They form networks with other cells.
• The sarcoplasmic retina is composed from smooth ER which are crucial in the formation of calcium Ions.
• Smooth ER has a lively structure that emits new tubules out of the sides. The tubules also connect to the cell’s cytoskeletal framework.
• The amount of smooth ER within a cell varies on the type, location and purpose that the cells perform. Cells that are glands or muscles are a little less of SER.
• The endocrine system is the smooth ER is also responsible for production of steroid hormones using cholesterol.
• The liver produces enzymes that catalyze the reactions which are responsible for the removal of metabolic wastes, drugs and toxic chemical substances. The active structure of SER allows it to store huge amounts of harmful chemicals in detoxification.
• Therefore, SER is vital for detoxification of harmful chemicals as well as the removal of waste.
• In addition the smooth ER also houses the glucose-6-phosphate enzyme that is essential in making glycogen into glucose.
• However, over time, SER stress could lead to the progression and development of a variety of diseases, including atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration 2 diabetes, liver disease and even cancer.

Differences between Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Rough endoplasmic reticulum vs Smooth endoplasmic reticulum)