Get Study notes related to practicals of microbiology.
All aquatic organisms depend on the oxygen in the water (dissolved oxygen) for survival. As a food supply, aquatic microbes consume the organic matter discharged into the water. Plant decomposition and leaf fall are common sources of organic debris. Using the dissolved oxygen in the water, bacteria will decompose this organic stuff and form less … Read more
What is Presence/Absence Test? The availability of potable water for bathing, drinking, and cooking is essential for modern society. Diseases such as diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, etc., can be transferred by feces-contaminated water and other sources. Different methodologies for bacteriological water testing have been developed. Weiss and Hunter presented a streamlined method for bacteriological testing of … Read more
Double Beam Balance Principle The Double Beam Balance (mechanical balance) is intended for laboratory and classroom use. Based on the basic Roberval balance principle, the Double Beam Balance permits the determination of the mass differential (rather than the absolute value) between two objects. These balances are supplied with sliding masses. Double Beam Scales are renowned … Read more
What is Laboratory flask? Glassware is the category of laboratory equipment that includes laboratory flasks. In the laboratory and other scientific contexts, flasks are typically referred to as flasks. There are a variety of flask forms and sizes, but one defining feature is a broader vessel “body” and one (or sometimes more) narrower tubular pieces … Read more
What is Conical Flask or Erlenmeyer flask? A Conical Flask is a flask with a cone-shaped body, a flat bottom, and a cylindrical neck. The Erlenmeyer flask is a form of laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is also known as a conical flask (British English) or … Read more
What is a Petri dish? – Petri dish Meaning Petri dish definition A Petri dish is a shallow, transparent container used in laboratories to cultivate and observe microorganisms and cells. It consists of a flat-bottomed dish with vertical sides and a lid, typically made of clear glass or plastic. History of Petri Dish The Petri … Read more
What is the Test Tube? A test tube, culture tube, or sample tube is a clear, cylindrical container that is typically open at one end and closed at the other. Michael Faraday, a prominent British Physicist and Chemist, invented the test tubes (1791-1867). Boiling tubes are another name for test tubes. These slim containers have … Read more
Carry the microscope close to your body, with one hand on the arm and the other on the base, when moving it. If you are confused of which component of the microscope is which, I suggest starting with this section on Microscope Parts & Functions. After removing the dust cover, if applicable, and plugging in … Read more
Culture Media Examples Components/Comments Primary Purpose Bile esculin agar (BEA) Nutrient agar base with ferric citrate. Hydrolysis of esculin by group D streptococci imparts a brown color to medium; sodium deoxycholate inhibits many bacteria. Differential isolation and presumptive identification of group D streptococci and enterococci Bile esculin azide agar with vancomycin Contains azide to inhibit … Read more
The main sources of fructose in the diet are the disaccharide sucrose (cane sugar) and high fructose corn syrups (HFCS) found in processed foods and drinks. It is also found in free form in honey and many fruits. Insulin does not control how much fructose gets into the cells in the body. Glucose, on the … Read more
The Gram stain is typically the initial step in identifying bacteria and frequently dictates future identification methods. Misclassification may come from the tendency of some gram-positive rods to seem gram-variable or gram-negative, particularly members of the genera Bacillus, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Listeria. In 1976, Cerney reported employing L-alanine-4-nitroanilide to identify cell-wall aminopeptidase, which was connected … Read more
Test Name Esculin Hydrolysis test Purpose This test is used to try to figure out what kind of Enterobacteriaceae it is and how it differs from other kinds.To see if the microbe can use esculin as a source of carbon by breaking it down with water. Media Required Esculin Hydrolysis Agar Result Positive: Blackened medium, … Read more
Current nitrite reduction tests are based on Peter Griess’s 1858 description of the Griess diazotization reaction. Peter Griess, the son of a blacksmith, was raised on a farm in Prussia, but “…tilling the soil was not to his liking, and his father often discovered him in a corner of the field, engrossed in a book … Read more
In 1875, Reoch theorised that microorganisms were responsible for the alkaline fermentation of urine (urea) and the subsequent formation of ammonia. Subsequently, numerous types of urea-degrading bacteria were isolated and their urease activity was examined. Urease activity is a crucial criterion for the identification of Proteus species and permits Proteus to be separated from non-lactose-fermenting … Read more
The Pyrrolidonyl Arylamidase (PYR) test is a fast test used to identify group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and enterococci. Escherichia coli (-ve) is also identified using the PYR test, which distinguishes it from other indole-positive, lactose-positive, Gram-negative rods. It is also known as PYR (L-pyrrolidonyl—naphthylamide) and serves as a substrate for pyrrolidonyl peptidase detection. L-Pyrrolidonyl- -naphthylamide … Read more
The Hippurate Hydrolysis Test measures an organism’s ability to create hippuricase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes the substrate hippurate. It identifies Streptococcus agalactiae, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Gardnerella vaginalis. The final products of hippuric acid hydrolysis by hippuricase are glycine and benzoic acid. The oxidising agent ninhydrin deaminates glycine and is reduced in the process. … Read more
Kligler Iron Agar is a combination of Kligler’s lead acetate medium and Russels Double Sugar Agar, and it is used to differentiate typhoid, dysentery, and related bacilli. Bailey and Lacey replaced the andrade indicator formerly used as pH indicator with phenol red. Kligler Iron Agar distinguishes between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters. It separates Salmonella Typhi … Read more
What is the Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) Test? The solid medium Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) is indicated for use in qualitative techniques for the differentiation of microorganisms based on the generation of lysine decarboxylase and hydrogen sulphide. Edwards and Fife created Lysine Iron Agar to identify lactose-fermenting Salmonellae. Salmonellae are known to rapidly decarboxylate lysine … Read more
What is Triple Sugar Iron Test (TSIA Test)? Purpose of Triple Sugar Iron Agar test (TSIA Test) The Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar test, meticulously designed as a differential medium in tubed format, plays an instrumental role in microbiological diagnostics. Its primary objectives are multifaceted, as delineated below: In summation, the Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) … Read more
What is Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Test? This test determines whether sulfur-containing chemicals are converted to sulphides during the microbe’s metabolic activity. When sulphide is generated, it reacts with iron compounds to form FeS, a black precipitate. Multiple iron-containing media permit the detection of hydrogen sulphide generation. Sulfide-Indole-Mobility (SIM) medium is utilised. This nutrient medium enables … Read more
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