What is ELISA? ELISA, short for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a widely used and highly sensitive test in the field of immunoassays. It was first introduced by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971 and has since become a gold standard technique for detecting and quantifying various molecules, including hormones, glycoproteins, proteins, antibodies, and antigens. … Read more

Why do different forms of DNA exist? Main spiral properties of DNA forms. Prop|Form A B Z Spiral type Right Right Left Step, Å 28.03 33.75 43. 5 Bases per coil 11 10 12 Major groove width, Å 7.985:A.P — 30:B.P4:A.P — 31:B.P 17.918:A.P — 29:B.P9:A.P — 28:B.P 15.1714:A.P — 27:B.P13:A.P — 28:B.P Minor groove … Read more

When it comes to molecular cloning and genetic engineering, vectors play a crucial role. These vectors act as carriers, transporting foreign genetic material into host cells, allowing for replication and expression. In this article, we will explore the different types of vectors, such as plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes, and their various applications. … Read more

When it comes to DNA replication and amplification, primers play a crucial role. Primers are short nucleotide sequences that provide a starting point for DNA synthesis. However, not all primers are created equal. There are two main types: RNA primers and DNA primers. Understanding the difference between RNA primers and DNA primers is essential for … Read more

What is Transduction? Steps of Transduction The process of transduction involves several steps, which can be summarized as follows: The overall outcome of transduction is the transfer of genetic material, including specific genes or genetic elements, between bacteria. This process facilitates the spread of genetic diversity, including the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes or virulence … Read more

What is Northern Blotting? Northern blotting is a laboratory technique used to study gene expression patterns by detecting and analyzing RNA molecules. It is named after its similarity to the Southern blotting technique, which is used for DNA analysis. The Northern blotting method allows researchers to determine the presence, size, and abundance of specific RNA … Read more

What is Northern blotting? Northern blotting is a molecular biology technique used to detect and analyze RNA molecules. It involves the separation of RNA fragments based on their size through gel electrophoresis, followed by the transfer of the separated RNA molecules onto a solid membrane. The immobilized RNA fragments on the membrane are then hybridized … Read more

What is Cladogram tree? What is Phylogenetic tree? Cladogram vs Phylogenetic tree Cladogram Phylogenetic Tree Represents evolutionary relationships based on shared derived traits (synapomorphies) Represents evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms Focuses on identifying and grouping organisms based on shared characteristics Represents the pattern of descent and the evolutionary history of species or … Read more

Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Differences Between Monohybrid cross vs Dihybrid cross Characterisitcs Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Definition A genetic cross involving the study of one trait A genetic cross involving the study of two different traits Number of traits One trait Two traits Alleles involved Two alleles Four alleles Genotype combinations Three possible genotypes Nine … Read more

Taenia Solium Characteristics of Taenia Solium Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm, is a parasitic flatworm that infects humans and pigs. Here are some of its characteristics: Life history of Taenia solium Fasciola Hepatica Characteristics of Fasciola Hepatica Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic flatworm that infects the liver and bile ducts of various … Read more

Both microtubules and microfilaments are components of a cell’s cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments compose the cytoskeleton. Tubulin proteins are polymerized to produce microtubules. They provide the cell with mechanical support and help to intracellular transport. Polymerization of actin protein monomers produces microfilaments. They contribute to the mobility of the cell on the surface. … Read more

What is Cilia? What is Microvill? Difference between Cilia and Microvilli Cilia Microvilli Epithelial cells generate cilia, which are elongated, hair-like structures. Microvilli are epithelial cell-derived membrane protuberances. Cilia develop from basal granules. Basal granules are lacking in microvilli. Cylindrical cilia with tapered ends. Microvilli are cylindrical and terminate in blunt tips. Microvilli are shorter … Read more

Multicellular organisms experience a variety of cell development and death processes. Cellular death is crucial for the survival and development of all organisms. Our body is made up of several cell types situated in diverse body sections. There are two distinct methods by which a cell dies. Either the organism is exposed to an unfavourable … Read more

What is Archaea? Characteristics of Archaea Archaea are single-celled microorganisms that belong to the prokaryotic domain of life and share some characteristics with bacteria. However, they also possess unique features that distinguish them from bacteria. The main characteristics of Archaea include: These characteristics make Archaea unique and important microorganisms in the study of the evolution … Read more