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What is BOD? BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand, which quantifies the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) required by aerobic organisms to decompose organic material in a given water sample at a certain temperature and time. As BOD is a biological process, it is not a quantitatively precise test. However, BOD is a commonly employed … Read more
Biomagnification Biomagnification is the accumulation of certain chemical compounds or poisons at the higher trophic levels of a food chain. This phenomenon is also known as biological magnification. The chemical substances contain elevated concentrations of some poisons, heavy metals, mercury, and other dangerous substances. As these toxins multiply and accumulate, they ascend the food chain. … Read more
What is Analytical balance? Analytical balances (also known as chemical balances) are designed to measure mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg resolution or better) is enclosed in a glass cage with doors to prevent dust accumulation and to prevent air currents from affecting the functioning of the … Read more
DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. DNA replication is the biological process whereby two identical copies of DNA are synthesised from a single DNA molecule. DNA replication guarantees that each daughter cell inherits an identical set of genetic information from its parent cells. DNA polymerases are enzymes … Read more
There are two types of DNA libraries that are constructed by genetic engineers using scientific methods. These can be classified as cDNA libraries as well as Genomic libraries. The major distinction in cDNA as well as Genomic library is the fact that cDNA library is a repository for the complementary DNA cloned from the all … Read more
The DNA library is composed of DNA fragments that were transformed into vectors that can recognize and identify specific DNA fragments. There are two kinds of libraries: cDNA or genomic libraries. The genomic DNA libraries contain huge DNA fragments. On the other hand cDNA libraries are made up of reverse-transcribed, cloned mRNA. In the end, … Read more
Efferent and afferent neurons refer to various types of neurons that form the motor and sensory parts of the peripheral nerve system, and vice versa. Neurons are excitable electrically which function as the functional and structural part of the nervous system. A neuron’s typical structure is comprised of a cell body which is made up … Read more
Through technological advances, The methods for sterilization have changed throughout the decades. There are now many different methods of sterilization employed in laboratories. However, autoclaving using steam is the most popular method for sterilization in the majority of labs. Although autoclaving is a clean rapid, reliable, and cost-effective method of sterilization, without any environmental risks and risks, it is still utilized most often in hospitals. However, there are three commonly employed methods of sterilization that are used: the steam autoclave unsaturated chemical-vapor sterilizer as well as the dry heat sterilizer. This article will only focus on steam autoclaves and dry heat sterilization techniques.
Budding and Binary Fission are two different forms of asexual reproduction in fungi and bacteria, and. Binary fission can be present in prokaryotes. Budding can be found in the eukaryotes. The primary difference between binary fission as well as budding is that, during binary fission, the parent organism is split into two daughter organisms through … Read more
Both kinds of fission are the two types of Asexual reproduction, where the binary fission gives rise to two daughter cells that are derived from the parental cell while in multiple fission the parent cell is the one that gives birth to a number of daughter cells. Binary fission is one the most commonly used … Read more
Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules through semi-permeable membranes from high to low water potential. This semi-permeable membrane does not allow for solute particles to pass through it, but solvent particles (water molecules), can move across it. Tonicity can be described as the degree of the osmotic pressure gradient. There are three states. … Read more
B cells and T cells are two kinds of lymphocytes involved in activating the immune system within the body. Both B and T cells are created within the bone marrow. T cells move into the thymus to develop. T cells as well as B cells play a role in the recognition of pathogens as well as other harmfulforeign substances within the body, such as parasites, viruses, bacteria and dead cells. Two types of T cells comprise called helper T cells and cytotoxic cells.
White blood cells are two of the components of the blood supply in mammals. RBCs (RBCs) are biconcave discs that are circular in shape with hemoglobin-containing pigments to carry oxygen throughout the animal’s body. Oxygen is essential to the catabolism of cells within animals. A portion of carbon dioxide is transported through RBCs. They are created as a waste product in catabolism. They are also known as white blood cells. (WBCs) contain a range of types of cells like leukocytes neutrophils, and monocytes. They are able to differentiate into various defense mechanisms. The major distinction in red and white blood cells lies with their purpose that red blood cells transport oxygen around the human body, whereas white blood cells play a role with the protection of animals by destroying pathogens that attack the body’s cells.
Cell-mediated immunity and immunological immunity are two kinds of adaptive immune responses which allow the human body to protect itself in a targeted manner against harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria and contaminants. While there is some overlap between the two parts of the immune response and both are based on the function of lymphoid cell function – there are some significant distinctions.
The immune system shields the body from a range of pathogens and the toxins. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens via physical and chemical barriers , such as mucus layers, skin and saliva. The second line of defense is also triggered by innate immunity via the phagocytes. This defense line is … Read more
Plasma and serum are two blood derivatives which do not have blood cells such as red blood cells white blood cells and platelets. Both are enriched with proteins, drugs hormones, toxins and electrolytes. Both plasma and serum can be used to treat and diagnose. They are separated from blood using centrifugation, which eliminates the blood’s cellular component. Blood is infused with anticoagulants when it has been transfused to stop the clotting. The serum color is amber, while the plasma color is straw. The primary difference between serum as well as plasma lies in the fact that the latter is a protein-rich liquid that separates when blood is coagulated, whereas plasma forms the liquid part of blood that holds blood cells suspended.
Hypersensitivity (also known as hypersensitivity response or intolerance) is a term used to describe undesirable reactions that are caused by the immune system, which includes autoimmunity and allergies. These are typically called an overreaction of the immune system, and these reactions can be harmful and uncomfortable. It is an immunologic term , and should not be misinterpreted as a psychiatric term of being hypersensitive, which refers that a person is hypersensitive to physical (ie sounds, touch light, sound, etc.) or emotional stimuli. However, there is a link between the two , studies have demonstrated that with ADHD (a mental disorders) tend to experience hypersensitivity reactions, such as asthma, allergies, or eczema and more than people who don’t have ADHD.
The primary distinction between antigenic drift or antigenic change is the fact that antigenic drift is a way to create change in viruses that is caused by the accumulation of mutations in genes that encode for antigen-binding sites, whereas antigenic shift is a method of combining two kinds of viruses to create one new type that has an assortment of surface antigens of the viruses that were originally.
A single-celled organism without nucleus and other organelles with membranes. Prokaryotes are derived in the Greek pro (pro”pre” – meaning “before”) and the word karuon (karyon, meaning ‘nut’ or “kernel”). In the two-empire model that resulted in the works of Edouard Chatton, prokaryotes were classified as part of the Empire of Prokaryota. However, in the three-domain system that is based on molecular analysis, prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria (formerly Eubacteria) and Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria). Organisms with nuclei are put in the third domain, Eukaryota. When studying the evolutionary origins of life prokaryotes are believed to have ascended before Eukaryotes.
In cell biology, the process of mitosis is a phase of the cell cycle , in which duplicated chromosomes are divided into two nuclei. Cell division creates cells that are genetically identical, in which the number of chromosomes are maintained. Thus, mitosis is called equational division. In general the case of mitosis, it begins with S stage of interphase (during the time that DNA replication occurs) and is usually followed by cytokinesis and telophase that divides the organelles, cytoplasm and cell membrane of a cell into two cells that contain roughly equal amounts of the cellular components. Different stages of mitosis together are the basis for what is known as the Mitotic (M) period of the animal cell cycle, which is the split of the cell’s mother into daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another.
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