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What is Mantoux Test? – Procedure, Normal Range and Result Interpretation

Mantoux Test - Procedure, Normal Range and Result Interpretation

What is Mantoux Test? Principle of Mantoux Test The Mantoux test operates on the principle of delayed-type hypersensitivity, specifically Type IV hypersensitivity. This test is designed to assess a person’s cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To conduct this test, a substance known as Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is used, which is essentially a … Read more

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Applications

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, Applications

What is Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test? Principle of Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test The principle of the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is based on the detection of antibodies produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells during a syphilis infection. The RPR test is a macroscopic, non-treponemal flocculation card test that … Read more

Latex agglutination test – Definition, Procedure, Principle, Advantages, Limitation, Uses

latex agglutination test

What is the latex agglutination test? Types of Latex Agglutination The latex agglutination test can be categorized into two main types based on the processes of detection: Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for Antibody Detection and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) for Antigen Detection. These two types of latex agglutination tests provide valuable diagnostic information in different … Read more

Radial Immunodiffusion – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

Radial Immunodiffusion Principle, Procedure, Result

Single Radial Immunodiffusion also referred to as Mancini technique is a quantitative immunodiffusion technique that is used to measure the antigen’s concentration by measuring the size of the precipitin-based ring created by the interaction between the antigen with the antibody at the optimal concentration. The antibody is embedded in the agarose gel, while the antigen is diffused into it in the form of a radiatal pattern.

Neutralization Test – Definition, Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications

Neutralization Test

What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization  The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the ability … Read more

Complement Fixation Test – Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications

Complement Fixation Test - Principle, Types, Procedure, Results, Applications

What is Complement Fixation? Principle of Complement Fixation Test The principle of the complement fixation test is based on the interaction between antigens, antibodies, and complement proteins. When an antigen and antibody come into contact, they form an antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex. This complex then interacts with complement proteins and becomes fixed with them. As a … Read more

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method

Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Method

Classification of Immunodiffusion  The process of immuno-diffusion allows the determination or detection of antigens and antibodies through their precipitation that involves diffusion through a substance, such as gel agarose or agar. Simply, it denotes precipitation in a gel. It’s one of the many methods to create a precipitate from an antibody and a specific antigen. … Read more

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Test – Definition, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

What is Radioimmunoassay (RIA)? Dfinition of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique that uses radioisotopes to detect and measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies in a sample. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Principle The principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA) is based on competitive binding, specificity, and sensitivity. In RIA, a radioactive antigen, also known as … Read more

Direct ELISA – Principle, Protocol, Advantages

Direct ELISA - Principle, Protocol, Advantages

What is Direct ELISA? Principle of Direct ELISA The principle of direct ELISA revolves around the specific binding interaction between an antigen and its corresponding antibody. In this type of ELISA, the antigen of interest is adsorbed or immobilized onto the surface of a plastic plate, typically a microtiter plate with multiple wells. To minimize … Read more

Sandwich ELISA – Definition, Principle, Steps, Advantages

Sandwich ELISA - Definition, Principle, Steps, Advantages

What is Sandwich ELISA? Sandwich ELISA Principle The principle of sandwich ELISA involves the detection of antigens using a combination of specific antibodies. The test begins by coating and immobilizing a known antibody onto the wells of a microtiter plate. This immobilized antibody serves as the capture antibody, which will bind to the antigen of … Read more

Flash chromatography – Principle, Instrumentation, Protocol, Applications

Flash chromatography - Principle, Instrumentation, Protocol, Applications

What is Flash chromatography? Principle of Flash column chromatography The principle of flash chromatography revolves around the rapid movement of the eluent, a liquid, through a short glass column under gas pressure, typically nitrogen or compressed air. The glass column is packed with a stationary phase consisting of an adsorbent material with a defined particle … Read more

Cation Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Uses

Cation Exchange Chromatography - Principle, Protocol, Uses

What is Cation Exchange Chromatography? Cation Exchange Chromatography Principles The principles of cation exchange chromatography are based on the net surface charge of proteins and the concept of isoelectric point (pI). The net surface charge of a protein can change with the pH of the surrounding environment. The pI of a protein refers to the … Read more

Anion Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Applications

Anion Exchange Chromatography

What is Anion Exchange Chromatography? Principle of Anion Exchange Chromatography The principle of anion exchange chromatography is based on the net surface charge of proteins, which changes with the pH and is determined by their isoelectric point (pI). The pI of a protein is the pH at which it carries no net charge. Below the … Read more

Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis (2D)

Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis

What is Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis? Principle of Two-Dimensional (Crossed) lmmunoelectrophoresis The principle of Two-Dimensional (Crossed) Immunoelectrophoresis involves the combination of two distinct electrophoretic steps to separate and identify proteins based on their charge, size, and antigen-antibody interactions. The technique consists of the following steps: The principle of Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis exploits the migration characteristics of proteins … Read more

Types of Immunoelectrophoresis 

Types of Immunoelectrophoresis 

What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Types of Immunoelectrophoresis There are 4 types of Immunoelectrophoresis; 1. Classical immunoelectrophoresis Advantages In summary, classical immunoelectrophoresis offers the advantages of separating complex mixtures, identifying individual components, specificity in immunoprecipitation reactions, simplicity in procedure, and providing visual and informative results. 2. Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, also known as crossover immunoelectrophoresis, utilizes … Read more

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

What is Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)? Definition of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique used to separate and analyze proteins or nucleic acids based on their mobility in a porous polyacrylamide gel matrix under the influence of an electric field. Types of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) There are several types … Read more

Thick and Thin Blood Smear for Malaria Diagnosis

Thick and Thin Blood Smear for Malaria Diagnosis

A blood film or Peripheral blood smear (PBS) must be prepared from capillary blood or a drop of blood from an EDTA (anticoagulant) blood sample. Blood examination under the microscope requires blood smears. The Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) is typically determined by blood smears. The DLC entails counting 100 white blood cells (WBCs) and noting … Read more

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

The nucleic acids of many viruses encode surface proteins (such as hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus) that agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) of numerous species. Hemagglutination is the process by which viral hemagglutinins react with red blood cells to form a lattice of agglutinated cells that settle unevenly in a tube or microtiter well. Unagglutinated … Read more

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