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Macrophage – Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

Macrophage - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

What are Macrophages? Definition of Macrophage A macrophage is a type of white blood cell found in the immune system, known for its ability to engulf and digest cellular debris, foreign substances, and pathogens. It plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity, aiding in defense against infections and in tissue repair. Structure … Read more

What is Immunofluorescence Assay? – Principle, Protocol, Types, Uses

Immunofluorescence - Definition, Principle, Protocol, Types, Application

What is Immunofluorescence Assay? Definition of Immunofluorescence Assay Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins or antigens in biological samples by using antibodies labeled with fluorescent molecules, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope. Requirements of Immunofluorescence Assay Objective of Immunofluorescence Assay Principle of Immunofluorescence General Steps of Immunofluorescence Assay Types of Immunofluorescence … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs

Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs

What are Antiviral Drugs? Antiviral drugs represent a category of therapeutic agents specifically designed to counteract viral infections. Viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites, are a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, animals, and plants. Their pathogenicity ranges from self-limiting conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases. Unlike other microorganisms, viruses are devoid of the … Read more

Homeostasis – Definition, Mechanism, Types, Importance, Examples

Homeostasis - Definition, Mechanism, Types, Importance, Examples

What is Homeostasis? Homeostasis, derived from the Greek words “hómoios” meaning “similar” and “stásis” meaning “standing still,” is a fundamental biological concept that refers to the ability of living organisms to maintain a consistent internal environment, regardless of external fluctuations. This internal equilibrium is vital for the optimal functioning and survival of the organism. At … Read more

Autoimmune Disease – Definition, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, Examples

Autoimmune Disease - Definition, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, Examples

What is Autoimmune Disease? Signs and symptoms of Autoimmune Disease The signs and symptoms of autoimmune diseases can vary depending on the specific type of disease and the affected body part. While some autoimmune diseases may share similar symptoms, others have distinct manifestations. It is also possible for an individual to have multiple autoimmune diseases … Read more

Coomb’s Test – Direct and Indirect Coomb’s Test

Schematic showing the direct and indirect Coombs tests

What is Coomb’s Test? Objectives of Coomb’s Test The objectives of Coomb’s test are to detect red blood cells that are sensitized with IgG alloantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, or complement components. This helps in determining blood group compatibility for transfusions, diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and identifying immune-mediated reactions and conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Overall, the … Read more

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test

What is Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test? Principle of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test The VDRL test operates on the principle of detecting antibodies that are produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells in individuals with syphilis. This test utilizes a specific antigen known as VDRL antigen, which consists of … Read more

Innate Immunity – Definition, Types, Mechanism

Innate Immunity - Definition, Types, Mechanism

What is Innate Immunity ? Definition of Innate Immunity  Innate immunity refers to the body’s natural, non-specific defense mechanisms that provide an immediate response to invading pathogens without prior exposure. It serves as the first line of defense against infections and is present from birth. Features of Innate immunity Innate immunity possesses distinctive features that contribute … Read more

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) – Definition, Structure and Functions

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Definition, Structure and Functions

What is Immunoglobulin E (IgE Antibody)? Definition of Immunoglobulin E (IgE Antibody) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites. It is the least abundant but highly potent class of immunoglobulins found in mammals. Structure of Immunoglobulin E (IgE Antibody) Molecular Level of Immunoglobulin E … Read more

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) – Definition, Properties, Structure and Functions

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) - Definition, Properties, Structure and Functions

What is Immunoglobulin D (IgD Antibody)? Properties Of Igd Measurement Of Igd The measurement of IgD, an immunoglobulin found in body fluids, has evolved over time with the development of more sensitive techniques. This article explores various methods used to measure IgD and discusses the challenges and considerations associated with each method. From traditional techniques … Read more

Inflammation – Definition, Causes, Symptoms

Process of Acute inflammation

What is an inflammation? Definition of inflammation Inflammation is the immune system’s response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain at the affected site. Causes of inflammation Inflammation can be triggered by a variety of factors, each capable of initiating an inflammatory response. The following are among the most common causes: … Read more

Immunoglobulin M (IgM Antibody) – Definition, Structure, Functions

Immunoglobulin M (IgM Antibody) - Definition, Structure, Functions

What is Immunoglobulin M (IgM Antibody)? Definition of Immunoglobulin M (IgM Antibody) Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody is the first antibody produced by the immune system in response to an infection or foreign substance. It is a large pentameric antibody that plays a crucial role in the body’s initial immune response. Fundamentals of IgM IgM, or … Read more

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) – Definition, Features, Structure, Functions and Examples

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)

What is Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)? Features of Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) exhibits several distinctive features: MALT’s unique features highlight its role in mucosal immunity, allowing it to mount specific immune responses at the mucosal surfaces of different tissues. By generating and secreting IgA antibodies and facilitating various immune … Read more

Immunoglobulin A (IgA Antibody) – Structure, Subclasses and Functions

Immunoglobulin A (IgA Antibody) - Structure, Subclasses and Functions

What is Immunoglobulin A (IgA Antibody)? Definition of Immunoglobulin A (IgA Antibody) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a key role in the immune function of mucous membranes. It is the second most abundant immunoglobulin in the body and provides protection against antigens and pathogens in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. Subclasses … Read more

Active Immunization – Definition, Mechanism, Advantages, Disadvantages, Examples

Active Immunization - Definition, Mechanism, Advantages, Disadvantages, Examples

What is Active Immunization? Definition of Active Immunization Active immunization refers to the process of inducing immunity in an individual by administering a vaccine or exposing them to a specific pathogen, triggering an immune response and the development of lasting protection against future infections. Mechanism of Active Immunization Active immunization works by stimulating the immune … Read more

Immunoglobulin G (IgG Antibody)- Definition, Structure, Subclasses and Functions

Immunoglobulin G (IgG Antibody)- Definition, Structure, Subclasses and Functions

What is Immunoglobulin G (IgG Antibody)? Definition of Immunoglobulin G (IgG Antibody) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common type of antibody in the human body, representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies. It plays a crucial role in protecting against bacterial and viral infections by binding to specific antigens and activating immune responses. Structure of … Read more

Bone Marrow – Definition, Types, Structure and Functions

Bone Marrow - Definition, Types, Structure and Functions

What is Bone Marrow? Definition of Bone Marrow Bone marrow is the soft tissue found within the cavities of bones that produces various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Location of Bone Marrow The location of bone marrow within the human body is widely distributed, but it undergoes changes … Read more

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