What is Parasitism? Definition of Parasitism Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one organism, the parasite, derives benefits at the expense of the other organism, the host, often causing it harm. Mechanisms of Dispersal Types of Parasitism Parasitism, a multifaceted biological interaction, can be classified based on various criteria, ranging from … Read more
What is Symbiosis? Symbiosis, derived from the Greek words “σύν” (sýn) meaning “together” and “βίωσις” (bíōsis) signifying “living,” refers to a prolonged biological interaction between two distinct species, known as symbionts. This interaction can manifest in various forms, ranging from mutualistic, where both entities benefit, to commensalistic, where one benefits without harming the other, and … Read more
What is Competition Interaction? Competition is defined as an interaction between two or more individuals of the same population or between two or more populations in which each adversely affects the other’s access to limited resource(s) (food, water, nesting sites, shelter, mates, etc.). Mutualism is defined as a population interaction that benefits both parties. Competition … Read more
A biological interaction in ecology is the influence that two creatures living in the same community have on each other. They can be of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or of other species (interspecific interactions) (interspecific interactions). Both short-term and long-term effects, such as pollination and predation, frequently have a substantial impact on the evolution … Read more
Definition of Biotic Factor Biotic factors are the living components or variables that have an effect on an ecosystem or other species residing in that ecosystem. Biotic factors (sometimes referred to as biotic components) are the living elements of an ecosystem. “biotic” implies “of or pertaining to biological beings.” All live species and physicochemical components … Read more
What are Abiotic Factors? Definition of Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors refer to the non-living physical and chemical elements in an ecosystem that influence and shape the conditions within which living organisms thrive and interact. Types of Abiotic Factors Here is the list of abiotic factors: Abiotic Factor Description Air A mixture of gases essential for … Read more
Ecological factors are environmental elements that have an effect on organisms and contribute to their distinctive behavioral patterns. These causes create dynamic population or species shifts in a certain geographical location. Ecology is the biological discipline that studies the relationships between organisms and their environment. A fundamental objective of ecology is to chronicle and comprehend … Read more
What is an Ecosystem? Ecosystem Definition An ecosystem is a complex interplay of living organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a functional unit. Characteristics of Ecosystem An ecosystem, as delineated by Smith (1966), possesses several distinct characteristics that underscore its significance in the realm of ecology: In essence, these characteristics elucidate the dynamic nature … Read more
What is PAM Sequence (Protospacer adjacent motif)? Protospacer Adjacent Motif, or PAM, is a type of two-factor authentication that tells Cas to only cut the foreign DNA that is invading. A protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is a 2–6-base pair DNA sequence that comes right after the DNA sequence that the Cas9 nuclease wants to cut … Read more
Name Cas9 endonuclease Alternative name spCas9/spyCas9 Organism Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 Molecular weight ~163KDa Gene cas9 Location on chromosome 0.85 to 0.86Mb Protein CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9/Csn1 Cofactor Mg2+ Biological processing Interference- defense response to phage.Maintaining CRISPR repeat sequences Functions DNA and RNA bindingMetal ion binding3’-5’ exonuclease activityEndonuclease activity Cas9 is a nuclease that degrades phage DNA … Read more
What is gene/genome editing? Gene or genome editing refers to the deliberate and precise modification of an organism’s genetic material. This advanced biotechnological process allows for the targeted alteration of DNA sequences within a genome, facilitating the correction of genetic anomalies or the introduction of specific traits. Historically, the concept of gene editing traces its … Read more
What is Analytical balance? Analytical balances (also known as chemical balances) are designed to measure mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg resolution or better) is enclosed in a glass cage with doors to prevent dust accumulation and to prevent air currents from affecting the functioning of the … Read more
What is gab operon? The gab operon is in charge of turning -aminobutyrate (GABA) into succinate. The gab operon is made up of three structural genes: gabD, gabT, and gabP. These genes code for an enzyme called succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme called GABA transaminase, and a protein called GABA permease. Downstream of the operon … Read more
What is Gal operon? The gal operon is a bacterial operon that encodes galactose-metabolizing enzymes. This operon’s gene expression is repressed by the binding of repressor molecules to two operators. These repressors form a DNA loop by dimerizing. Loop and exteRNAl operator interference prohibit RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter, hence preventing transcription. In … Read more
How L-arabinose operon different from other operons? This operon is responsible for the cellular degradation of arabinose compounds. Arabinose is transformed to ribulose by arabinose isomerase, which is encoded by the araA gene, then phosphorylated by ribulokinase, which is encoded by the araB gene, and finally converted to xylulose-5-phosphate by ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase, which is encoded … Read more
What is Arabinose Operon? The L-arabinose operon, also known as the ara or araBAD operon, is essential for the degradation of the five-carbon sugar L-arabinose in Escherichia coli. The L-arabinose operon contains three structural genes: araB, araA, and araD (together referred to as araBAD), which code for three metabolic enzymes essential for L-arabinose metabolism. These … Read more
Tryptophan (Trp) Operon Definition A collection of genes that are transcribed together encode the components for tryptophan synthesis. Note: The trp operon is a set of genes that, when transcribed together, encode the enzymes that cause bacteria to generate the amino acid tryptophan. The trp operon was initially defined in Escherichia coli, and it has … Read more
What is lac Operon? Jacques Monod (1910–1976) began studying bacterial growth and regulation in the late 1930s. He selected E. coli as a model bacteria and eventually concentrated on genes involved in E. coli’s growth on lactose. Francois Jacob joined him in his studies roughly 15 years later (1920–2013). As a result of their research, … Read more
What is Operon? Definition of Operon An operon is a functional unit of DNA in prokaryotes that contains a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, allowing for coordinated expression of related genes. General structure of Operon The operon is a fundamental genetic regulatory system found in prokaryotes, consisting of several key … Read more
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation of mRNA occur concurrently. Modifications to mRNA processing are minimal or nonexistent. In contrast, post-synthesis processing of pre-tRNA and pre-rRNA includes cleavage, addition of nucleotides, and chemical modification. Before being transported to the cytoplasm where they are translated … Read more
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