SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory illness that can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets or close contact. The virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild to … Read more
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). It is a highly infectious disease that can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets or close contact. The virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 can … Read more
Coronaviruses are a type of virus that can cause illness, ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses are so named because they have a crown-like appearance when viewed under a microscope. They are primarily transmitted from person to person … Read more
What is transmission electron microscope? A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a powerful scientific instrument that is used to study the structure and properties of materials at the atomic and molecular level. It works by using a beam of electrons to create an image of a sample, which is then analyzed to study the sample’s … Read more
What is Polarizing Microscope? A polarizing microscope is a type of microscope that uses polarized light to view specimens. It is commonly used to observe minerals, crystals, and other transparent or semi-transparent materials, as well as to analyze the structure and properties of these materials. Polarized light is light that vibrates in a specific plane, … Read more
What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny, single-celled organisms that are found almost everywhere on Earth. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa, and they play vital roles in many aspects of our lives. Microbiology encompasses a wide range of disciplines and applications, including the biology of microorganisms, … Read more
What is an Industrial centrifuge? An industrial centrifuge is a machine that uses centrifugal force to separate or purify materials. Centrifuges work by spinning a sample at high speeds, using gravitational force to separate the components of the sample based on their density, size, or shape. Industrial centrifuges can be used for a wide range … Read more
As their name suggests, microorganisms are minute organisms with the potential to adapt to their environment; for instance, commensals can become pathogenic in certain altered environments. The adaptability of microbes to certain treatments or medications remains a challenge for nurses and other medical professionals. Microbiology influences the lives of a nurse working in a medical … Read more
What is Parvovirus? Classification of Parvovirus Parvovirus B19 Parvovirus B19, or B19 virus, is the causal agent of erythema infectiosum (“fifth disease”; it was fifth of the six identified exanthematous disorders of childhood), a minor viral sickness of children, as well as polyarthralgia–arthritis syndrome in immunocompetent adults. Morphology of Parvovirus B19 B19 viruses manifest the … Read more
Human Papillomaviruses Classification On the basis of DNA homology, tissue tropism, and relationship with oncogenesis, the HPVs have been categorised into 16 groups (A–P), encompassing at least 70 kinds, containing a total of at least 100 types. Human infections caused by papovaviruses Papillomavirus Polyomavirus Morphology of Human papillomaviruses Human papillomaviruses have the following characteristics: Viral … Read more
What are Poxviruses? Classification of Poxviruses Based on whether they infect insect or vertebrate hosts, the family Poxviridae has been divided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae. The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae encompasses viruses that infect vertebrate hosts and consists of eight genera, at least four of which cause human illness. These are the categories: The genera … Read more
Viruses that infect bacteria are known as phages or bacteriophages. Twort (19l5) described a degenerative alteration in staphylococcal colonies isolated from calf lymph that was transmissible serially via application of culture filtrates from the original growth. d’Herelle (1917) observed that the filtrates of dysentery patient faeces cultures produced transmissible lysis of a dysentery bacillus broth … Read more
Classification of Serratia marcescens Habitat of Serratia marcescens Serratia Marcescens Taxonomy Serratia Marcescens as a Tracer Organism Serratia Marcescens Symptoms Serratia Marcescens as a Cancer Therapy? Morphology of Serratia marcescens Virulence Factors of Serratia marcescens Hemolysin production Lipopolysaccharide Extracellular products Serratia marcescens Pathogenesis S. marcescens, an emerging multidrug-resistant organism, has the potential to manifest in … Read more
Yeasts are eukaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that belong to the kingdom of fungi. The first yeast appeared hundreds of millions of years ago, and there are approximately 1,500 known kinds. Yeasts are unicellular organisms that developed from multicellular predecessors, with certain species able to acquire multicellular traits by generating pseudohyphae, which are strings of connected budding … Read more
Principles to maintain active tarter culture The preparation of cultures depends on a number of variables: 1. The choice of milk 2. Heat treatment of milk 3. Containers/Utensils 4. Amount of inoculum 5. Aseptic culture transfer 6. Time of inoculation 7. Cooling Preparation of mother culture The preparation of the mother culture is a crucial … Read more
Many variables can affect the fermentation process of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starters, including temperature, pH, strain capability, growth medium, inhibitors, bacteriophage, incubation period, heat treatment of milk, etc. To achieve the best activity of lactic acid bacteria during the manufacturing of fermented milks, caution is required. The following parameters significantly affect the growth and … Read more
Lactic acid bacteria Genera Leuconostocs Genera Streptococcus Genera Lactobacillus Genera Lactococcus Metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria
Starter Culture Definition A starter culture is a microbial preparation containing a very high number of cells (such as 1012 g-1) of one or more microbe species that is given to raw material to produce fermented food by accelerating and directing fermentation. Functions of Starter Cultures The fundamental function of lactic starters is to convert … Read more
Probiotics Definition Probiotics are living microorganisms that mitigate the negative effects of antibiotics by restoring the body’s natural homeostasis. Probiotics are identified by their genus, species, and a strain-specific identifying name (e.g. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) and are available in a range of formulations, including yoghurt drinks, pills, and nutritional supplements. Probiotic Bacteria The majority of … Read more
Definition of Prebiotics Types of Prebiotics There are numerous varieties of prebiotics. The majority of them are a subset of carbohydrate groups and are largely oligosaccharide carbohydrates (OSCs) (OSCs). 1. Fructans 2. Galacto-Oligosaccharides 3. Starch and Glucose-Derived Oligosaccharides 4. Other Oligosaccharides 5. Non-Carbohydrate Oligosaccharides Criteria for Eligibility as Prebiotic To qualify as prebiotic, food items … Read more
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