Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system and its role in protecting the body from infection and disease. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Immunologists use a variety of techniques, including microscopy, culture methods, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, to study the immune system and its functions. They may also use computational and mathematical modeling to study the behavior of immune cells and the interactions between the immune system and other body systems.
Immunologists may work in a variety of settings, including research laboratories, universities, hospitals, and government agencies. They may also work in the pharmaceutical industry, where they may be involved in the development of drugs and therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
Overall, immunology is an important field that plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions. It has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Immunology is an important field because it plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions, and it has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Here are a few examples of the importance of immunology:
Overall, immunology is an important field that has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions and in the development of therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
What is Vaccine? Definition of Vaccines Vaccines are medical preparations that stimulate the immune system to provide protection against specific diseases by promoting the production of antibodies and immune memory. How do vaccines work in Immune System? Types of Vaccines Vaccines can be classified into three main groups based on their composition and mode of … Read more
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells? Definition of NK Cells NK cells, short for Natural Killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system. They have cytotoxic activity against virus-infected cells and stressed cells like tumor cells. NK cells can recognize and eliminate abnormal cells without the need for … Read more
What are Monoclonal Antibodies? Definition of Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are artificial antibodies produced in a laboratory by fusing immune cells with cancer cells. They are highly specific in targeting and binding to specific antigens on cells, making them valuable tools in medical research and treatment of diseases, including cancer. Types of monoclonal antibodies based … Read more
What is Complement? Functional categories of Complement Components Complement components can be classified into seven functional categories: 1. Initiator complement components 2. Enzymatic mediators 3. Membrane-binding components or opsonins 4. Inflammatory mediators 5. Membrane attack proteins 6. Complement receptor proteins 7. Regulatory complement components FAQ
What are Lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are a specialized type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s adaptive response. They are the key mediators of both humoral and cellular immunity. Here are some important points about lymphocytes: In summary, lymphocytes are unique cells of the adaptive immune system that recognize and … Read more
What is Immunogenicity? A. Properties of Immunogen 1. Foreignness 2. Molecular Size 3. Chemical Nature and Heterogeneity 4. Physical form 5. Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation B. Biological System of Host FAQ
What is Indirect ELISA? Indirect ELISA Principle The principle of an indirect ELISA involves the use of two binding steps to detect and quantify specific antibodies in a sample. The first step involves the incubation of the primary antibody with the antigen of interest. The primary antibody specifically recognizes and binds to the target antigen, … Read more
Antibodies are not found in a specific location, but anytime our immune system encounters antigen or a disease, B cells are activated and antibodies are quickly released into the bloodstream. These immunoglobulins undergo mitosis, resulting in cell division, and manufacture antibodies continually as a result of the production of additional cells. These antibodies linger in … Read more
What is Opsonization? Definition of Opsonization Opsonization is the process of coating antigens with molecules called opsonins, which mark them for recognition and engulfment by immune cells, enhancing the efficiency of the immune response. Antibody-mediated Opsonization Complement-mediated Opsonization What are Opsonins? Types of Opsonins Opsonins involved in the immune system are diverse and include several … Read more
In 1896, two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham and Max von Gruber, independently discovered specific agglutination. In honour of the discoverers, this reaction was given the name GruberDurham reaction. Later, Gruber designated as “agglutinin” any chemical that induced an agglutination reaction (from the Latin). Fernand Widal (1862–1929) employed agglutination to diagnose typhoid disease in the same … Read more
What is Immunoelectrophoresis? Types of Immunoelectrophoresis There are 4 types of Immunoelectrophoresis; 1. Classical immunoelectrophoresis Advantages In summary, classical immunoelectrophoresis offers the advantages of separating complex mixtures, identifying individual components, specificity in immunoprecipitation reactions, simplicity in procedure, and providing visual and informative results. 2. Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Counter current immunoelectrophoresis, also known as crossover immunoelectrophoresis, utilizes … Read more
What is Flow Cytometry? Definition of Flow cytometry Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology used to analyze and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid mixture. It provides rapid and quantitative information about cell size, complexity, and fluorescence intensity, enabling various applications in research and clinical settings. Purpose of flow … Read more
What is Nervous System? Definition of Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network of cells and tissues that coordinates and regulates the activities of an organism by transmitting electrical signals between different parts of the body. Cells of the Nervous System Neurones Glial Cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Nervous System Structure and … Read more
What are Cytokines? Definition of Cytokines Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling, mediating communication between cells and regulating various physiological processes. What is Cytokinesis? Definition of Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus … Read more
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a type of electrophoresis technique that uses a narrow capillary to separate charged molecules (ions) based on their migration towards electrodes under the influence of an electric field. It is a high-resolution and fast method for the analysis of small molecules, DNA, and proteins. The importance of CE lies in its … Read more
What is Fermentation media? For a good output of product during a fermentation process, the selection of the optimal microorganisms and fermentation media is crucial. As it provides nutrients and energy for the growth of microorganisms, the quality of fermentation media is vital. This medium serves as a substrate for the production of a product … Read more
What is Cancer Immunotherapy? Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signals Can Enhance Immunity Enhancement of APC Activity Can Modulate Tumor Immunity Cytokine Therapy Can Augment Immune Responses to Tumors Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors In Vitro–Activated LAK And TIL Cells Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Key Facts
Tumors Tumor Antigens Some Antigens Are Tumor-Specific Antigens unique to cancers caused by chemical or physical carcinogens, as well as some virally induced malignancies, have been found. It is particularly difficult to demonstrate the presence of tumor-specific antigens on spontaneously developing tumours since the immune response to such tumours destroys all of the tumour cells … Read more
Features of Malignant Cells Malignant cells exhibit the following characteristics: It has been hypothesised that the immune system is partially responsible for protecting the body from the development of cancers. In addition, the presence of multiple tumours in immunocompetent individuals suggests that the immune system has a limited function in defending against cancer and is … Read more
Modern medicine continues to provide numerous marvels that extend the lives of humans and vastly improve their quality of life. The replacement of faulty organs by transplantation has been one of medicine’s unachievable goals for millennia. The dream of health experts has been to replace or restore severely damaged tissues or organs. Successful transplantation needs … Read more
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