Immunology is the scientific study of the immune system and its role in protecting the body from infection and disease. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Immunologists use a variety of techniques, including microscopy, culture methods, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, to study the immune system and its functions. They may also use computational and mathematical modeling to study the behavior of immune cells and the interactions between the immune system and other body systems.
Immunologists may work in a variety of settings, including research laboratories, universities, hospitals, and government agencies. They may also work in the pharmaceutical industry, where they may be involved in the development of drugs and therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
Overall, immunology is an important field that plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions. It has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
Immunology is an important field because it plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions, and it has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Here are a few examples of the importance of immunology:
Overall, immunology is an important field that has significant practical applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It plays a vital role in our understanding of the immune system and its functions and in the development of therapies to treat immune-related disorders.
Antigen-Antibody (Ag-Ab) Interaction refers to the biochemical reaction that occurs between antibodies and specific antigens when they come into close proximity, typically within a distance of several nanometers. This interaction plays a critical role in the immune response against foreign substances and pathogens in the body. The binding of antibodies to specific antigens is facilitated … Read more
What is HLA Complex? The MHC in the human genome is known as the HLA complex (for human leukocyte antigen complex). The HLA complex encompasses approximately 3,500 kb on chromosome 6 and is composed of 12 main sections. Each region contains dozens of genes, of which only a few are functional and the majority do … Read more
MHC molecules serve to bind peptides and deliver them to passing T lymphocytes for examination. In the case of selfpeptides, T cells with a TCR capable of binding with high affinity to the peptide–MHC complex have likely been eliminated by the mechanisms of central tolerance or rendered non-responsive by peripheral tolerance. In the event of … Read more
An Overview of Complement System What is Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation? Components of Lectin Pathway 1. Mannose-binding lectin Structural subunits of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins 2. MBL serum levels and MBL2 gene polymorphisms 3. Ficolins Ficolin-1 Ficolin-2 Ficolin-3 4. MBL-associated serine proteases Steps, Mechanism, Process of Lectin Pathway The lectin pathway, also known … Read more
What is Alternative pathway of the complement system ? Activators of the alternative pathway Activators of the alternative pathway of complement activation include Steps of activation of alternative pathway Four serum proteins comprise the initial component of the alternative pathway: C3b, factor B, factor D, and properdin. 1. C3bB complex Formation 2. C3bB Cleavage 3. … Read more
The classical pathway is a key immune system mechanism that plays an important role in defending the body from foreign invaders. It consists of a series of sequential interactions among complement components that result in the killing of target cells via a process known as cell lysis. The presence of an antibody attached to an antigen, … Read more
Through its role as a mediator, complement helps the humoral response become a potent defence mechanism that can eliminate pathogens. Other complement components or split products help with the inflammatory response, opsonization of antigen, virus neutralisation, and clearance of immune complexes in addition to the MAC’s role in mediating cell lysis. The binding of complement … Read more
Complement System Definition The complement system, also known as the complement cascade, is a component of the immune system that boosts the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to eliminate germs and damaged cells from an organism, stimulate inflammation, and assault the cell membrane of a pathogen. The complement system is an incredibly potent system … Read more
What is Immune Response? Immune Response is the mechanism through which the host’s immune system reacts to a damaging foreign particle or pathogen (antigen) in the body. It involves identifying the antigen and activating defence mechanisms against invading infections. Antigens are chemicals that are located on the surface of cells, viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and … Read more
What is the humoral immune response/What is humoral immune response? Humoral immunity definition Humoral immunity, also known as the humoral immune response, refers to the branch of the immune system that produces antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens and foreign substances, primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in the body’s extracellular fluids. History The … Read more
Definition of Immunological Tolerance Immunological tolerance is a state of specific immunologic nonreactivity to a specific antigen to which an individual has been previously exposed. Immune tolerance stops the immune system from responding to self-antigens. Mechanisms of Tolerance The proposed mechanisms of tolerance are clonal deletion, clonal anergy, and suppression. Clonal deletion: Clones of B … Read more
Cell-Mediated Immunity Definition CMI is an unique sort of acquired immune response that is not mediated by antibodies but rather by sensitised T cells. This type of immunity is passed from donor to recipient without the need of antisera, but rather with intact lymphocytes; therefore, it is referred to as cell-mediated immune reaction. Contrary to … Read more
What is a Cytotoxic T cell? A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells infected with intracellular pathogens (such as viruses or bacteria), and other … Read more
What is Hypersensitivity? Definition of Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity is an abnormal and exaggerated response of the immune system to a substance (antigen) that is usually harmless. It can lead to allergic reactions and immune-related diseases. Causes Of Hypersensitivity Diseases Hypersensitivity is caused by various immune responses that can be triggered by different types of antigens. The … Read more
Animal models of autoimmune illnesses have provided invaluable insights into the mechanism of autoimmunity, human autoimmunity, and prospective therapies. Certain inbred animal breeds develop autoimmunity naturally, and autoimmunity can also be caused by certain experimental procedures. Autoimmunity Can Develop Spontaneously in Animals Several spontaneously occurring autoimmune illnesses in animals share significant clinical and pathologic parallels … Read more
What is Immunodeficiency? Immune system integrity is necessary for protection against pathogenic organisms and their harmful byproducts, and thus for the survival of all persons. Defects in one or more immune system components can result in life-threatening and frequently deadly conditions known together as immunodeficiency diseases. Immunodeficiency illnesses and syndromes are a major cause of … Read more
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon inherited primary immunological weakness that affects particular white blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils). The illness is characterised by a failure to resist certain bacterial and fungal infections and a propensity to develop persistent inflammation. Life-threatening recurrent fungal and bacterial infections affecting the skin, … Read more
Oncologists and immunologists have long been optimistic about the potential of immunologic techniques to treat cancer patients. The primary interest in an immunologic approach stems from the fact that the majority of existing cancer treatments rely on medications that kill dividing cells or stop cell division, and these treatments have severe side effects on normal … Read more
What is a tumor? A mass or collection of aberrant cells that develops as a tumour. A tumour might not always indicate malignancy. Several tumours are benign (not cancerous). Throughout the body, tumours can develop. Bone, skin, tissues, glands, and organs can all be impacted. Tumors are also referred to as neoplasms. A solid mass … Read more
What is Flow cytometry? Flow cytometry is an indispensable instrument for the contemporary immunologist. It was created by the Herzenbergs (Leonore and Leonard) and their colleagues, and among its initial applications was the analysis of blood cells, namely lymphocyte subpopulations. Flow cytometry is an analytical method that counts the frequencies of cells attaching to fluorescent … Read more
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