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Glycogen Metabolism in Human Body

Glycogen Metabolism in Human Body

What is Glycogen? Structure And Function Of Glycogen The primary stores of glycogen within the human body are primarily located in skeletal muscle and the liver, although various other cells also maintain smaller glycogen reserves for their specific metabolic needs. The role of glycogen varies depending on its location, and it plays crucial functions in … Read more

Urea Cycle – Steps, Reactions, Enzymes, Products, Regulation

Urea Cycle - Steps, Reactions, Products, Regulation, Importance

What is Urea Cycle? Definition of Urea Cycle The urea cycle is a series of biochemical reactions in the liver that convert ammonia, a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea, a less harmful compound that is excreted in the urine. Urea Cycle Reactions/Urea Cycle Steps The urea cycle is a critical metabolic pathway that operates primarily … Read more

Microbial interaction – Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples

Microbial interaction - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Examples

Microbial interaction is a biological interaction in which the effect of microorganisms on other biotic components of an ecosystem can be investigated. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, and microbial ecology is the study of microbial interactions within an ecosystem. Positive and negative microbial interactions are possible, and microbes can affect (positively or negatively) other … Read more

Ethanol Metabolism – Steps, Factors, Enzymes, Importance

Ethanol Metabolism - Steps, Factors, Enzymes, Importance

What is Ethanol Metabolism? Definition of Ethanol Metabolism Ethanol metabolism is the biological process by which the body breaks down and eliminates ethanol, primarily in the liver, through a series of enzymatic reactions that convert it into less toxic compounds, ultimately producing energy and releasing water and carbon dioxide. Location of Ethanol Metabolism Distribution of … Read more

Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification – Criteria, Advantages and Limitations

Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification

Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification brings evolutionary changes in classification system of organisms. Since the centuries, biologists are trying to classify organisms in different ways. Even, Greek philosopher and polymath Aristotle tried to classify organisms on the basis of their habitats, such as whether they lived on land, water, or air.  Then Carolus Linnaeus proposed a … Read more

What is Dark Field Microscopy? – Principle, Parts, Procedure, Uses

Dark Field Microscope

What is Dark Field Microscopy? Definition of Dark Field Microscope A darkfield microscope is a type of optical microscope that uses oblique illumination to light the specimen, causing it to appear bright against a dark background. This technique enhances the visibility of transparent and living specimens by excluding the unscattered light from the image. Principle … Read more

What is an Inverted Microscope? – Principle, Procedure, Parts, Uses

Inverted microscope

What is an Inverted Microscope? Inverted Microscope Definition An inverted microscope is a specialized light microscope where the light source and condenser are positioned above the specimen stage, while the objectives and turret are below the stage, allowing for the viewing of specimens from a bottom-up perspective. This design is opposite to that of conventional … Read more

What is Immunofluorescence Assay? – Principle, Protocol, Types, Uses

Immunofluorescence - Definition, Principle, Protocol, Types, Application

What is Immunofluorescence Assay? Definition of Immunofluorescence Assay Immunofluorescence is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins or antigens in biological samples by using antibodies labeled with fluorescent molecules, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope. Requirements of Immunofluorescence Assay Objective of Immunofluorescence Assay Principle of Immunofluorescence General Steps of Immunofluorescence Assay Types of Immunofluorescence … Read more

What is Gene Expression? – Definition, Stages, Importance

Stages of Translation

What is gene expression? Gene expression definition Gene expression is the process by which the genetic information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional product, typically a protein or a specific RNA molecule. Stages in Gene Expression 1. Transcription 2. Translation What is gene expression profiling? Methods or Steps of gene expression … Read more

Electron Transport Chain Diagram, Definition, Steps, Products, Importance

Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain is made of different protein complexes which perform a redox reaction to transfer electrons from electron donor to electron acceptor and also perform the transfer of protons from matrix to intermembrane space.

Bright Field Microscope: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Application

Bright Field Microscope

What is Bright Field Microscope? Bright Field Microscope Definition The Brightfield Microscope, often termed the Compound Light Microscope, is an optical instrument that utilizes light rays to produce a dark image against a bright background, primarily used in biological studies to observe stained specimens. Principle of Brightfield Microscope The Brightfield Microscope operates on a foundational … Read more

Candida albicans – Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Treatment

Candida albicans - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Treatment

What is Candida albicans? Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida Species: C. albicans Habitat of Candida albicans Candida albicans is a form of yeast commonly found as part of the human body’s normal microbial flora. It is known to inhabit various body segments, particularly mucous membranes and moist regions. Here are … Read more

Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) Structures and Functions

Cell membrane structures and functions

Cell membrane (also called”the plasma membrane (PM) or the cytoplasmic membrane and has been traditionally known as”the plasmalemma) is a membrane in the body which separates the inner part and exterior of cells. It also separates them from their external environment (the extracellular spaces) and shields cells from the elements.

Cell Wall – Definition, Structure, Composition, Functions

Cell Wall - Definition, Structure, Composition, Functions

What is a Cell Wall? Cell Wall Definition A cell wall is a rigid and protective outer layer found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists, providing structural support and protection to the cell. Properties of Cell Wall The cell wall is a crucial component of many organisms, including plants, fungi, algae, and certain prokaryotes. … Read more

What is DNA Replication? – An In-Depth Guide to DNA Replication for Students

DNA Replication Mechanism, Definition, Requirements, Steps

What is DNA Replication? In the realm of molecular biology, DNA replication stands as a pivotal biological mechanism responsible for generating two congruent DNA replicas from a singular original DNA molecule. This process is ubiquitous across all living entities, serving as the cornerstone for biological inheritance. DNA replication is not merely a routine cellular activity; … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs

Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs

What are Antiviral Drugs? Antiviral drugs represent a category of therapeutic agents specifically designed to counteract viral infections. Viruses, which are obligate intracellular parasites, are a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, animals, and plants. Their pathogenicity ranges from self-limiting conditions to severe, life-threatening diseases. Unlike other microorganisms, viruses are devoid of the … Read more

Codon Chart and Codon Table

Codon Chart

What is Codon? What is a Codon Chart? A Codon Chart, often referred to as a codon table, is an essential scientific reference tool that provides a systematic representation of the relationship between sequences of three nucleotides, known as codons, and the amino acids they encode. This chart serves as a key to decode the … Read more

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