A microtome is a scientific instrument used to cut very thin slices of material, typically for use in microscopy. The material being sliced can be a variety of things, including biological tissue, plant specimens, or materials for industrial or electronic purposes. The microtome works by holding the material in place and then moving a blade … Read more
What is Pauly’s Test? Purposes of Pauly’s Test Principle of Pauly’s Test The presence of tyrosine and histidine can be determined with this test with high sensitivity. Sulphanilic acid is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and used as the reagent in this test. When being exposed to sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, sulphanilic acid forms a … Read more
What is Reticulocytes? Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (erythrocytes) that have not yet completed the final stages of maturation. They are usually produced in the bone marrow and have a characteristic reticulated (network-like) appearance when stained with special dyes. Reticulocytes are important in the evaluation of anemia, as they provide information about the bone … Read more
What is Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining? Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a commonly used histological staining technique that is used to visualize the structure of cells and tissues in a sample. The staining is performed by first staining the tissue with hematoxylin, a basic dye that stains acidic structures such as the cytoplasm … Read more
The majority of plasma proteins are too big to pass through the kidney’s glomeruli. The limited quantity of protein that does filter through is often reabsorbed by the renal tubules back into the blood. Normal urine contains only trace levels of protein (less than 150 mg per 24 hours). Tamm-horsfall protein (up to 40%), albumin … Read more
The bulk of plasma proteins are composed of big particles, making it difficult for them to pass through the glomeruli of the kidney. However, kidney tubules filter out and reabsorb smaller protein particles back into the blood. There are traces of proteins such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, hormones, mucopolysaccharides, albumin, enzymes, and immunoglobulins in normal urine. … Read more
The lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet mount preparation is the most used method for staining and viewing fungus, and its preparation is straightforward. The formulation contains the following ingredients: As a mounting medium and staining agent, lactophenol cotton blue solution is used to prepare slides for microscopic study of fungus. Elements of fungi are dyed … Read more
Trichrome stains, such as Masson’s Trichrome, derive its name from the three dyes utilised in the staining process. These three dyes are used to selectively stain muscle, collagen fibres, fibrin, and erythrocytes using acid-base chemistry. Initial placement of tissue slices in Bouin’s solution. As a mordant, Bouin’s solution links the dye to the specific tissue … Read more
Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, the positive staining approach has been employed to increase the contrast of biological materials (tissues and cell structures, viruses, etc.). The samples are treated in heavy metal salt solutions that react with cellular structures using this technique and negative staining. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate are the most … Read more
What is Wheatley Trichrome Staining? In parasitology, intestinal protozoans are typically detected and identified from faeces samples using a specialised permanent technique called Wheatley Trichrome staining. Wheatley Trichrome Stain is suggested for use in qualitative methods for the detection, identification, and distinction of intestinal protozoa from background material. Typically, PVA-fixed or Schaudinn’s solution-preserved faecal specimens … Read more
Romanowsky staining, also known as Romanowsky–Giemsa staining, is a classic staining technique that paved the way for several different but similar stains widely used in haematology (the study of blood) and cytopathology (the study of cells) (the study of diseased cells). Romanowsky stains are used to distinguish cells for microscopic study in pathological materials, particularly … Read more
What is Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining? Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining is a laboratory staining technique used to detect the presence of specific sugars and carbohydrates in tissue samples. The PAS stain highlights the presence of sugars, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides in biological tissues and cells. The staining process is often used in the diagnosis of diseases … Read more
Negative staining is a method used to visualize viruses and other small particles under a microscope. In this method, a drop of the sample is placed on a flat surface and a small amount of a negatively charged stain is added to the sample. The stain surrounds the virus particle, but does not adhere to … Read more
What is Auramine- Rhodamine Staining? Principle of Auramine- Rhodamine Staining Auramine and Rhodamine are nonspecific fluorochrome dyes that are attracted to acid-fast microorganisms. In the case of Mycobacteria, the dyes can selectively bind to the mycolic acid present in the cell wall, allowing the stain to penetrate. This compound is resistant to acid-alcohol decolorizer solutions. … Read more
What is silver staining? Silver staining is a powerful and versatile technique used for the detection and identification of proteins in gels. This technique is accomplished by binding silver to the chemical terminal or side chains of amino groups, such as carboxyl and sulfhydryl groups. For decades, silver staining has been used to separate proteins … Read more
Grocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining is a type of special staining technique used in microbiology and histology to visualize fungal organisms, specifically those that form characteristic spores known as arthroconidia. The staining technique was developed in the 1930s by Grocott and Gomori and is based on the use of silver and methenamine. The fungal cells are … Read more
In 1961, Darken reported the uptake of calcofluor white, a fluorescent brightener, by actively growing yeasts and higher fungi. Hageage and Harrington outlined the application of calcofluor white (CFW) to demonstrate hyphae and yeasts in clinical specimens. Monheit et al. utilised this dye for intraoperative identification of fungal infection on frozen sections of lung and … Read more
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis (CAE) is a method of separating charged molecules, including proteins, based on their charge and size. It uses a cellulose acetate sheet as a medium for separation, and an electrical current to move the molecules through the medium. The charged molecules are separated based on their migration rate through the cellulose acetate … Read more
An Automated Cell Counter is a machine or device that is used to count the number of cells in a biological sample. It uses various technologies such as image analysis, impedance measurement, or fluorescence to accurately determine the number of cells present. The importance of cell counting lies in its widespread applications in the fields … Read more
Blood collection is an essential part of medical diagnosis, and it is crucial to use the right type of blood collection tube (BCT) to ensure accurate results. In this article, we will discuss the different types of BCTs used in in-vitro analysis, their composition, and the significance of proper mixing of blood with the additives … Read more
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