Get Study notes related to practicals of microbiology.
Streak Plate Method Overview There are two types of microbial culture such as mixed culture and pure culture. The mixed culture contains two or more species while the pure culture contains only a single species. During the identification of a microorganism, the first and important step is to isolate the individual species from a mixed … Read more
Fungi are eukaryotic and contain well-organized nuclei. The fungal nucleus is membrane bound and consist of two membranes of characteristic pores, a nucleolus and chromatin strand that becomes organized into chromosome during nuclear division. The fungal nuclei are extremely minute, therefore study with the light microscope is very difficult. The cells of fungal hypae are … Read more
Flow cytometry is a fast and stable method for the quantification of viable cells. Determining cell viability is a significant step when assessing a cell’s reply to medication or other environmental agents. It is additionally essential to recognize dead cells in a cell suspension in order to eliminate them from the study. Dead cells can … Read more
Aim To distinguish between living and dead cells. Principle The viability Staining Method mainly used to detect living and dead cells in culture. This method is based on the fact that, certain changes take place in dead cells which result in these cells giving a different reaction to stains from that of living cells. Advertisements … Read more
Bacterial cells contain nuclear material, made of single-stranded circular DNA, in contrast to eukaryotes. This genetic material is present within the membrane-bounded structure known as the nucleus. In case of prokaryotes the nuclear material is present within the nucleoid which lacks the nuclear membrane and does not follow the mitosis or miosis cell division. Some … Read more
The cell membrane is a biological membrane which also termed a plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane. It divides the interior of the cell from the outside environment, thus protects the cell from environmental stress. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer, contains cholesterols between phospholipids which maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane … Read more
The composition of cell wall varies from species to species, it has been reported that the main constituents of cell wall is chitin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. In addition, prokaryotic cell wall contains peptidoglycan (also known as murein and mucopeptide). Peptidoglycan is mainly composed of sugar, amino acids (peptide; amino acids + glycan; sugar).
Collagen Hybridizing Peptide stain is a vital stain used for the detection of collagen degraded tissues, mainly used in Developmental Biology, Histology, and Histopathology.
Hematoxylin is extracted from a leguminous plant, known as Haematoxylon campechianum, thus it is a natural dye. It forms hematein by oxidation (Ripening).
Acridine Orange contains metachromatic properties, that’s why it is employed in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry study of cellular physiology and cell cycle state, including the fluorescent microscopic examination of microorganisms.
Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that stains nuclei blue, and can be used to differentiate different types of granules (e.g. within mast cells).
Sudan Black is a slightly basic dye and will combine with acidic groups in compound lipids, thus staining phospholipids also. An alternative stain to the Sudan Black B stain.
Production of parasporal crystals is a unique ability (among Bacillus species) of Bacillus thuringiensis. This stain is a means of rapid identification of the species.
In 1930, Leifson introduced a simple flagella stain, using this stain he observed that mutations leading to nonflagellated from flagellated bacteria were common, as well as mutation leading to loss of motility without loss of the flagellum itself.
Flagella can not be seen under a bright-field microscope by using ordinary stains. A simple and useful method has been used for visualization of flagella is known as wet mount technique.
Capsule staining is a differential staining method, where two different stains are used such as the primary stain and the counterstain.
There are two methods which are commonly used to stain bacterial endospore such as Schaeffer Fulton and Klein methods.
In negative staining method, an acidic dye is used known as India Ink or Nigrosin. When the bacterial cells are exposed to this stain, due to the presence of acidic nature it readily gives up a hydrogen ion (proton) and the chromophore. As a result, the dye becomes negatively charged, now the bacterial cell surface deflects the stain.
The main purpose of simple staining is to determine the cell shape, size, and arrangement of bacterial cells.
Kinyoun method also known as Kinyoun stain (cold method), was first developed by Joseph J. Kinyoun.
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