All Microbiology Notes A-Z FIND A TOPIC BY ITS FIRST LETTER: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AAbiotic Factors - Definition, Types, ExamplesAcetamide utilization Test Principle, Procedure, resultAcetate Utilization Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsAcetic Acid ProductionAcridine Orange StainingActive Immunity - Definition, Types, ExamplesAdaptive (Acquired) ImmunityAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Structure, Synthesis, FunctionsAfferent vs Efferent Neuron - Differences between Afferent and Efferent NeuronAffinity chromatography Principle, Types, Steps, ApplicationsAgarose Gel Electrophoresis Definition, Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsAgglutination Reaction Definition, Types, ApplicationsAgglutination test definition, Types, Uses, Advantages, DisadvantagesAgrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer - Mechanism, Applications, AdvantagesAir Displacement Pipetting - Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsAir microbiology and Dispersal of Microbes Albert Stain Principle, Procedure, ResultAlgae Bioreactor - Definition, Types, Feature, UsesAlgae: Algae ReproductionAlkaline Peptone Water Preparation, Composition, Principle, Application.Alkaline Phosphatase Test of Milk- Determination of Phosphatase Activity of MilkAlternaria alternata - Habitat, Life Cycle, Morphology, PathogenesisAlternative Pathway of Complement SystemAmebiasis by by Entamoeba histolyticaAmensalism - Definition, Types, ExamplesAmes Test Principle, Procedure, ResultAmies Transport Medium Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesAmino Acids Physical Properties, Structure, Classification, FunctionsAmoeba Cell Labeled Structure, Characteristics, Movement, Nutrition, Reproduction, Disease, Habitat.Amoeba Staining, Fixing, TechniquesAn Overview of Bacillus cereusAnaerobic Blood Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesAnaerobic Culture Media Examples, DefinitionAnalytical Balance - Diagram, Principle, Parts, Types, UsesAnatomical and Physiological Barriers of Immune SystemAncylostoma duodenale - Structure, Life Cycle, Habitat, CharacteristicsAnesthetic (MS222) Solution PreparationAnimal Cell Coloring - WorksheetAnimal Cell Culture Types, Application, Advantages and disadvantages.Animal Cell Labeled Diagram, Structure, Types, FunctionsAnimal Cell Labeling WorksheetAnimal Models for Autoimmune DiseasesAnswer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2011Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2012 (Part 1)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2012 (Part 2)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2012 (Part 3)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2013Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2014 (Part 1)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2014 (Part 2)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2014 (Part 3)Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2015Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2016Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2017Answer Key of BHU PET Applied Microbiology 2018Antibiotic Resistance: Definition, Mechanism, Example.Antibiotics definition, Characteristics, Classification, AdministrationAntibody - Structure, Types, Functions and PropertiesAnticodon - Definition, Principle, Functions, ExamplesAntifungal Drug - Mode of ActionAntigen - Definition, Types, Structure, PropertiesAntigen Presenting Cells (APCs)Antigen Processing and Presentation - Cytosolic Pathway and Endocytic Pathway Antigen-Antibody Interaction - Definition, Types, Examples, PropertiesAntimicrobial Agent and ChemotherapyAntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)Antiviral ChemotherapyAntiviral Drug - Mode of ActionAPI (Analytical Profile Index) 20E Test Result, Principle, ProcedureApoptosis Pathway- Definition, Functions, Mechanism, ExamplesApoptosis vs. Necrosis - Definition, Types, CausesApplications of Fluorescence SpectroscopyAquatic Ecosystem - Definition, Types. ExamplesArabinose Operon - Definition, Structure, Mechanism Archaea vs Bacteria vs Eukarya - 30 Differences, Definition, ExamplesArchaebacteria Definition, Types, Characteristics, Structure, ExamplesArneth Count for Neutrophils - Principle, Procedure.Ascaris lumbricoides - Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, CharacteristicsAsexual Reproduction in bacteria - Definition, Types, Advantages, DisadvantagesAsexual Reproduction in Plants - Definition, MethodsAshdown’s Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesAspergillosis - Causative Agent, Symptoms, Types, TreatmentAspergillus clavatus - Morphology, Life Cycle, PathogenesisAspergillus flavus - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, HabitatAspergillus fumigatus - Characteristics, Structure, PathogenesisAspergillus niger - Structure, Habitat, CharacteristicsAtomic Force Microscope (AFM) - Definition, Principle, ApplicationAuramine - Rhodamine Staining: Principle, Procedure, Result, ApplicationsAutoclave Bag - Application, Types, Applications, AdvantagesAutoclave Definition, Working Principle, Components, Operating procedure.Autoimmunity - Definition, Types, Tolerance, Pathogenesis, MechanismsAutomated Cell Counter - Principle, Types, and ApplicationsBB cell or B lymphocytes - Definition, Function, TypesBacitracin Susceptibility Test Principle, Procedure, ResultBacterial Capsule: Definition, Functions, Composition, Types, Demonstration, and examples.Bacterial cell wall structure and Composition.Bacterial Conjugation - Definition, Steps, MethodsBacterial Culture Media Classification, Ingredients, Functions and Preparation.Bacterial Culture TechniqueBacterial Flagella Staining by Leifson Flagella Stain MethodBacterial Flagella: Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Rotation, Examples.Bacterial Food Poisoning: Symptoms, Prevention, Causes & Treatment.Bacterial Growth and Different Environmental Factors Affect Bacterial GrowthBacterial Growth Curve and Different PhasesBacterial Smear PreparationBacterial toxin: Definition, Types, Example.Bacterial Transduction - Generalized and Specialized TransductionBacterial Transformation - Definition, Principle, Steps, ExamplesBacterial Transformation ProtocolBacteriological Examination of Waters by Using Membrane Filtration MethodBacteriophages - Definition, Morphology, Life cycle, SignificanceBaird Parker Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBaltimore classification System of VirusesBasidiomycetes Life cycle, Characteristics, Significance, MyceliumBasophil - Definition, Structure, FunctionsBath Solution (Ca2+/Mg2+ Free) PreparationBCYE Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBead Homogenizer | Bead Mill Homogenizers - Principle, UsesBeaker - Definition, Types, Features, and ApplicationsBeer ProductionBench Top Centrifuge - Principle, Types, Parts, UsesBenedict’s Test Principle, Reagent Preparation, Procedure, Result, LimitationBest and Top Books for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyBest and Top Books for Microbial Genetics and Molecular BiologyBest Book for BHU PET Applied MicrobiologyBest books for CSIR NET Life ScienceBest Books for Industrial and Food MicrobiologyBest Books for Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyBest Books For Microbial MetabolismBest Books for Microbiology B.Sc 2nd Semester and BiochemistryBest Books for Soil and Environmental MicrobiologyBest Microbiology Books For B.Sc 1st Year Students and BacteriologyBeta (β) Lactamase Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsBHU PET Applied microbiology Question Papers of Previous Years.BHU PET Applied Microbiology Syllabus and BooksBial test for pentoses Principle, Objective, Procedure, ResultBile Esculin Test Principle, Procedure, Result, and application.Bile Solubility Test Principle, Procedure, ResultBinary fission Definition, Types, Steps, ExamplesBinomial Nomenclature Definition, Rules, Examples, Advantages, DisadvantagesBioaccumulation - Definition, Mechanisms, ApplicationsBioaerosol - Definition, Types, Collection, TransmissionBiochemical Test of Bacillus anthracisBiochemical Test of Bacillus cereusBiochemical Test of Hafnia alveiBiochemical Test of Providencia stuartiiBiochemical Test of Salmonella TyphiBiography of Alexander FlemingBiography of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - Father of MicrobiologyBiography of Edward Jenner - British doctor and scientistBiography of Lazzaro Spallanzani - Italian physiologistBiography of Louis Pasteur - French Biologist and ChemistBiography of Robert HookeBiography of Robert Koch - Founder of Modern BacteriologyBioinformatics - Definition, Introduction, Purpose, ApplicationsBioinformatics Databases, Software, and ToolsBiological Consequences of Complement ActivationBiological Magnification -Definition, Causes, EffectsBiological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition, Importance, MeasurementBioprocess Engineering Definition, Types, UsesBioreactor Types, Design, Parts, Applications, LimitationsBioremediation - Definition, Types, ApplicationBiosafety Cabinet: Definition, Classification (Class I, II, III), Working Mechanism, Application, Features.Biosafety Guidelines: Biosafety guidelines and regulationsBiosafety levels With their Primary and Secondary Barriers.Biotic Factors - Definition, Types, ExamplesBird Seed Agar Composition, Principle, PreparationBismuth Sulphite Agar (BSA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBiuret Test For Protein Principle, Procedure, Result, Application.BLAST - Definition, Types, Characteristics, Outputs, ApplicationsBlastomyces dermatitidis - Morphology, Transmission, TreatmentBlood Agar Definition, Preparation, Composition, Application, and limitation.Blood Cells: Definition, Types, Structure and FunctionsBlood Collection Tubes - Definition, Significance of Color CodingBlood Cross Matching - Principle, Procedure, Result.Blood Grouping Principle and ProcedureBlotting Technique - Definition, Types, ApplicationBOD Incubator: Definition, Principle, Components, Procedure, Application.BOD Test - Biological Oxygen Demand TestBody Lines of Defense - Types, ExamplesBotulism Food PoisoningBradford Stock Solution PreparationBrain Heart Infusion (BHI) Agar- Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBranches of MicrobiologyBrief History And Developments In Industrial MicrobiologyBright Field Microscope: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Application.Brilliant Green Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBrucella Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesBryophytes definition, classification, life cycle, characteristics, importanceBSc Nursing Syllabus of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd YearBudding Definition, Process, Advantages, DisadvantagesBunsen Burner - Definition, Principle, Parts, FunctionsBurkholderia Cepacia Agar Base Preparation, Composition, PrincipleButyrate Disk Test Principle, Procedure, ResultCCalcium Chloride Stock Solution PreparationCalcofluor White Staining - Principle, Procedure, Results, ApplicationsCalcutta University MSc Microbiology Old Question Papers Download - Cu Old Question paperCAMP Test Principle, Procedure, ResultCampylobacter Blood Agar (CVA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesCancer Immunotherapy Candida albicans - Morphology, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, TreatmentCandida glabrata - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, PreventionCandida parapsilosis - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, TreatmentCandida tropicalis - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmisssion, TreatmentCandidiasis - Definition, Causative Agent, Types, TransmissionCandidiasis - Types, Causative Agent, Treatment, Prevention, SymptomsCapillary Electrophoresis - Definition, Principle, Types and ApplicationCapsule Staining Procedure, Principle, ResultCarbenicillin Solution PreparationCarbohydrate Fermentation Test - Sugar Fermentation TestCarbohydrates Definition, Examples, Structure, Types, and FunctionsCarbon cycle - Definition, Steps, Importance, ExamplesCareer In Microbiology and Its ImportanceCareers of Microbiologist: Scope, Salary, Jobs, Courses, Eligibility.Carl Woese’s Classification - Three Domain ClassificationCary Blair Transport Medium Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesCas9 Protein - Structure, Types, FunctionCasein Hydrolysis Test Principle, Procedure, ResultCatalase Test Principle, Procedure, Result and Application.cDNA cloning - Definition, Principle, Steps cDNA library - Definition, Principle, Construction, UsescDNA Synthesis - Principle, Protocol Cell Coat - Definition, Functions, StructureCell Cycle - Definition, Phases, RegulationCell Disruption Definition, Methods, ApplicationCell Fusion - Definition, Types, SignificanceCell Growth - Definition, Types, MechanismsCell Mediated Immune Response Cell membrane (Plasma Membrane) structures and functionsCell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) WorksheetCell Membrane Staining Procedure, Principle, ResultCell Organelles Structure and their FunctionsCell proliferation - Definition, Types, differentiation, assay, diseasesCell Signaling - Definition, Types, FunctionsCell Structure and Functions - Cell OrganellesCell Wall Staining by Dayr's MethodCell Wall Structure of Archaebacteria Cells of Immune System - Types and ExamplesCellular Structure of Algae with diagramCellulose Acetate Electrophoresis - Definition, Principle, Operating Procedure, UsesCentral Dogma - Definition, Replication, Transcription, TranslationCentrifugal Separators - Working Principle, Parts, Types, UsesCentrifugation of blood - Blood SeparationCentrifuge - Definition, Principle, Parts, TypesCentrifuge Blood Sample - Purpose, Steps, TechniquesCentrifuge tube - Definition, Types, Applications, SizesCentrioles and Basal Bodies - Definition, Structure, FunctionsCentrosome - Definition, Structure, Functions, DiagramCetrimide Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesCetrimide Test Principle, Purpose, Procedure, ResultsChannel Protein - Definition, Structure, Function, ExampleCharacteristic of Genetic CodeCharacters of Algae | General Characters of AlgaeCharcoal Selective Medium Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesChemical Method of Sterilization - Types, Mode of Action, Application, Examples.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition, Measurement, UsesChemosynthetic Bacteria Examples, Definition, Pathways, and ProcessesChlamydia and ChlamydophilaChloroplasts Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Location, Functions, and DiagramChloroquine solution Preparation and UsesChocolate Agar Media Principle, Composition, Preparation, ResultCHROMagar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesChromatography Principle, Types, ApplicationsChromoblastomycosis (Chromomycosis) - Morphology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, TreatmentChromosome Abnormalities Types, Mechanism, DetectionChromosome Definition, Function, Structure, TypesChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) Chytridiomycota OverviewCilia - Definition, Structure, Types, FunctionCilia and Flagella Definition, Structure, FunctionCirculatory System of FrogCitric Acid ProductionClassical Pathway of Complement ActivationClassification of BacteriaClassification of ChromatographyClassification of Culture MediaClassification of Fungi: Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, Amastigomycota.Classification of VirusCLED Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesClimax Community - Definition, Characteristics, TheoriesCloning Vectors - Definition, Types, Features, ApplicationsClostridium botulinum - OverviewClostridium perfringens - OverviewClostridium perfringens Food PoisoningClostridium tetani - OverviewCoagulase Test Principle, Procedure, Application, Result.Coccidioidomycosis - Definition, Life Cycle, PathogenesisCOD Test - Test for Chemical Oxygen Demand In WastewaterCold-blooded vs Warm-blooded animalsColiform Bacteria - Definition, Classification, ExamplesColiforms Presence/Absence (PA) TestCollagen Hybridizing Peptide StainingColony Counter - Definition, Types, Parts, PrincipleColony Morphology of Bacteria and ExamplesColorimeter - Working Principle, Definition, Parts, UsesColtivirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisColumbia CNA Agar - Composition, Preparation, Uses, and ResultsColumn Chromatography Procedure, Instruments, Application, AdvantagesCommensalism - Definition, Types, ExampleCommon Fungal Culture Media and Their UsesCommon Glassware used in A Microbiology LaboratoryComparison Between Acid Fast and Non Acid Fast BacteriaComparison Between Gram Stain and Acid FastComparison Between Kinyoun Stain vs Ziehl neelsen stainCompetition Interaction - Definition and Types with ExamplesComplement System Definition, Activation, Effects, RegulationComposting - Methods, Types, Factors, ImportanceCompound Microscope Principle, Parts, Diagram Definition, ApplicationConfocal Microscope Principle, Uses, Parts, Advantages, and Disadvantages.Conical Flask (Erlenmeyer flask) - Diagram, Definition, Types, UsesConsumers - Definition, Types, ExamplesContamination of FoodsContamination of FoodsContamination, Preservation, and Spoilage of Cereals and Cereal ProductsContamination, Preservation, and Spoilage of Eggs Continuous Culture Definition, Advantage, Application, SystemsContribution of Antonie van LeeuwenhoekContribution of Louis Pasteur in Microbiology.Contribution of Microbiologist: Ignaz Semmelweis, Hans Christian Gram, Charles Lavaran, Fanny Hesse, Marjory Stephenson, Kiyoshi Shiga, Emil von Behring.Contribution of Microbiologist: Selman Waksman, Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Charles Nicolle, Gerhard Domagk, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, Max Theiler.Contribution of Microbiologists: Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming, Edward Jenner, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Martinus Beijerinck.Contribution of Paul Ehrlich and John Snow In MicrobiologyContribution of Robert Koch and Koch’s PostulatesCoronavirus - Definition, Structure, Genome, ReplicationCounter Current Immunoelectrophoresis Principle, Procedure, Result.COVID-19: Herd immunity threshold could be lower, study findsCresol Red Solution Preparation and UsesCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus - An OverviewCRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing - Definition, Mechanism, ApplicationCryptococcus neoformans - Structure, Infection, HabitatCSIR NET 2008 Life Science Answer KeyCSIR NET 2009 Life Science Answer KeyCSIR NET 2010 Life Science Answer KeyCSIR NET 2011 Life Science Answer Key with Question Paper.CSIR NET 2012 Life Science Answer Key with Question Paper.CSIR NET 2013 Life Science Answer Key with Question Paper.CSIR NET 2014 Life Science Answer Key with Question Paper.CSIR NET Life Science Answer Key of 2015CSIR NET Life Science Answer Key of 2016CSIR NET Life Science Answer Key of 2017CSIR NET Life Science Answer Key of 2018CSIR NET Life Science Answer Key of 2019CSIR NET Life Science Question Papers With Answer Key from 208 to 2019.CSIR NET Life Science SyllabusCultivation of Anaerobic BacteriaCultivation of bacteriaCulture Media Examples, Components and Primary PurposeCulture Media Preparation, Maintenance and PreservationCulture medium Definition, Preparation, ClassificationCultures Production for Food FermentationsCyclic AMP pathway (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate)Cysticercosis - Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, DiagnosisCystine Glucose Blood Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesCystine Tryptic Agar Composition, Preparation, Principle, UsesCytokinesis - Definition and Process In animal and Plant CellsCytoplasm Functions, Structure, Definition, and DiagramCytoplasmic Matrix - Definition, Structure, PropertiesCytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Functions Cytoskeleton Components WorksheetCytotoxic T cellsCzapek’s Agar (CZA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesDDarkfield Microscope: Definition, Principle, Application.Decanter centrifuge - Principle, Types, Parts, UsesDecarboxylase Broth ProtocolDecarboxylase Test Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesDecomposers - Definition, Mechanisms, Types, ExampleDegradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)Degradation of Pesticides - Types, MechanismsDendritic cell - Definition, Location, Structure, Types, FunctionsDengue and Dengue Virus - OverviewDenitrification - Definition, Process, FactorsDensity Gradient Centrifugation Principle, Protocol, UsesDeoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesDeoxyribonuclease (DNase) Test Principle, Procedure, ResultDesert Ecosystem - Definition, Types, ImportanceDetect the presence of specific antibody and quantitate the amount of antibody in patient’s serumDexamethasone: Finally good news for COVID-19 PatientsDexamethasone: Mechanism, Application, Side effects.Diagnostic Techniques of Viruses - Molecular and Immunological TechniquesDiauxic growth Curve, Definition, Occurrence.What is diauxic growth?Diauxic growth Curve, Definition, Occurrence.Difference Between Active Transport and Passive Transport - Active vs Passive TransportDifference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration - Aerobic vs Anaerobic RespirationDifference Between Analytical Balance and Triple Beam BalanceDifference between Antigen and AntibodyDifference Between Asexual and Sexual ReproductionDifference between Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Difference between Biomagnification and BioaccumulationDifference Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors - Biotic vs Abiotic FactorsDifference Between Bone and Cartilage - Bone vs CartilageDifference Between Breathing and Respiration - Breathing vs RespirationDifference Between Cation and Anion - Cation vs AnionDifference Between cDNA and Genomic DNA - cDNA vs genomic DNADifference between celsius and fahrenheit - Celsius Vs Fahrenheit ScaleDifference between Chromosome and Chromatid - Chromosome vs ChromatidDifference between cilia and flagellaDifference between Cilia and MicrovilliDifference Between Cladogram and Phylogenetic treeDifference Between Classical, Alternative and Lectin PathwayDifference Between Communicable and non-communicable diseasesDifference Between Compound Microscope and Simple Microscope.Difference Between Diploid and Haploid - Diploid vs HaploidDifference between endocytosis and exocytosis (endocytosis vs exocytosis)Difference between enzymes and hormones - enzymes vs hormonesDifference between Epithelial tissue and Connective tissue - Epithelial tissue vs Connective tissueDifference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic dna replicationDifference between Exocrine and Endocrine Glands - Exocrine vs Endocrine GlandsDifference between exotoxins and endotoxins - exotoxins vs endotoxinsDifference between genomic and cdna libraryDifference between Gram-Positive and Negative Bacteria - Gram-Negative vs. Gram-Po BacteriaDifference Between Habitat and Niche - Habitat vs NicheDifference between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin - Heterochromatin vs EuchromatinDifference between hot air oven and autoclaveDifference Between Hypertonic vs HypotonicDifference between Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance - Incomplete dominance vs Co-dominanceDifference Between Independent and Dependent variablesDifference Between Inhalation and Exhalation - Inhalation vs ExhalationDifference between MHC Class I and MHC Class II - MHC Class I vs MHC Class IIDifference between Natural and artificial selection - Natural vs artificial selectionDifference Between Northern, Southern and Western BlottingDifference between O antigen and H antigen - O vs H antigenDifference between One-step RT-qPCR and Two-step RT-qPCRDifference Between Oviparous and Viviparous - Oviparous vs ViviparousDifference between Phytoplankton and ZooplanktonDifference Between Pinocytosis and Receptor Mediated EndocytosisDifference between Plant cell and Animal cell - Plant cell vs Animal cellDifference Between Pollination and Fertilization - Pollination vs FertilizationDifference Between Primary and Secondary MetabolitesDifference between Primary and Secondary SuccessionDifference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsDifference Between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic Cell - Prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic CellsDifference between Quantitative and Qualitative Data - Quantitative vs Qualitative DataDifference Between RNA Primer and DNA Primer - RNA Primer vs DNA PrimerDifference between Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acidsDifference Between Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion - Simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusionDifference between static quenching and dynamic quenchingDifference between Vascular and Non-vascular plants - Vascular vs Non-vascular plantsDifference Between Virus and ViroidsDifference Between Xylem and Phloem - Xylem vs PhloemDifferences Between Absorption and AdsorptionDifferences Between Actin and Myosin - Actin vs MyosinDifferences between Active Immunity and Passive ImmunityDifferences Between Acute disease and Chronic DiseaseDifferences Between Agglutination and PrecipitationDifferences Between Amphibians and Reptiles - Amphibians vs ReptilesDifferences between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm - Angiosperm vs GymnospermDifferences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilliDifferences Between Antigenic Shift and Antigenic DriftDifferences between Arteries and Veins - Arteries vs VeinsDifferences Between Autotroph and HeterotrophDifferences between Autotroph and Heterotroph - Autotroph vs HeterotrophDifferences between B Cells and T Cells - B Cells vs T CellsDifferences Between Bacteria and Fungi - Bacteria vs FungiDifferences between Binary fission and multiple fissionDifferences between Cytokines and ChemokinesDifferences between Diarrhea and Dysentery - Diarrhea vs DysenteryDifferences between DNA and RNA - DNA vs RNADifferences between DNA Replication and TranscriptionDifferences Between Genomics and ProteomicsDifferences between Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated ImmunityDifferences between Invertebrates and VertebratesDifferences between Meningitis and EncephalitisDifferences Between Microfilaments and Microtubules - Microfilaments vs. MicrotubulesDifferences Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast - Mitochondria vs ChloroplastsDifferences between Mitosis and Meiosis - Mitosis vs MeiosisDifferences Between Monohybrid cross vs Dihybrid crossDifferences between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeaeDifferences Between Nitrification and DenitrificationDifferences Between Northern and Southern blotting - Northern blotting vs Southern blottingDifferences between Phenotype and Genotype - Phenotype vs GenotypeDifferences between Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparumDifferences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococciDifferences between Primary and Secondary Succession - Primary vs Secondary SuccessionDifferences between Prokaryotes and EukaryotesDifferences between RBC and WBC - RBC vs WBCDifferences Between Sensitivity, Specificity, False positive, False negativeDifferences between Serum and Plasma - Serum vs PlasmaDifferences between Staphylococcus and StreptococcusDifferences Between Taenia Solium and Fasciola HepaticaDifferences between Transcription and Translation - Transcription vs TranslationDifferences Between Transduction and Transfection - Transduction vs TransfectionDifferences Between Type I Error and Type II ErrorDifferences Between Viroids and PrionsDifferences between Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles - Voluntary vs Involuntary MusclesDifferences between Voluntary muscles and Involuntary muscles - Voluntary vs Involuntary MusclesDifferences between Yeasts and Molds - Yeasts vs MoldsDifferent Aseptic Techniques in Microbiology LaboratoryDifferent Between DNA-A form, DNA-B form, DNA-Z formDifferent Buffer preparation for Gel ElectrophoresisDifferent Laboratory Instruments for Measuring VolumesDifferent Plasma Membrane ModelsDifferent Programming Language for BioinformaticsDifferent Types of BirdsDifferent Types of Microscopes with Definitions, Principle, Uses, Labeled DiagramsDifferential Centrifugation Principle, Protocol, UsesDigestive System of Frog - With DiagramDigital Microscope Principle, Parts, Application, AdvantagesDihybrid Cross Definition, Steps, Process, and ExamplesDiphtheroids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Pathogenesis, TransmissionDirect Microscopic Count (DMC) Advantage, Disadvantage.Dissecting Microscope (Stereo Microscope) Definition, Uses, Parts, Principle.Dissecting microscope (Stereo microscope) WorksheetDissection of Rat With Labeled Diagram - Rat Dissection LabeledDistribution Of Microorganisms In Aquatic EnvironmentDNA - Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, FunctionsDNA Analyzer - Principle, Parts, Operating, ApplicationsDNA Fingerprinting - Definition, Steps, Methods, ApplicationsDNA Ladders - Definition, Types, UsesDNA Methylation - Definition, Mechanisms, FunctionsDNA Microarray Principle, Types and Steps involved in cDNA microarraysDNA Polymerase - Definition, Mechanism, Structure, TypesDNA Recombination - Definition, Mechanisms, TypesDNA Repair Mechanisms and TypesDNA Replication Mechanism, Definition, Requirements, StepsDNA Transcription (RNA Synthesis) - Definition, Diagram, Steps, Inhibitors, ImportanceDot Blot Protocol, Principle, Definition.Double Beam Balance - Principle, Procedure, Purpose, UsesDounce Homogenizer - Principle, Types, Procedure, Parts, UsesDownstream Processing StepsEExtrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis - Definition, Mechanism, Functions, RegulationEastern blot - Protocol, Principle, ApplicationEbola Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisEcological Pyramids - Definition, Types, ImportanceEconomic Importance of Algae: Food Industry, Chemical Industry, Agriculture, MedicineEconomic Importance of Fungi In Medicine, Industry, Agriculture, and Food.Economic Importance of Protozoa and Mode of InfectionEffect of antibiotics on the cell wallEgg Yolk Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesElectron Microscope: Definition, Types, Parts, Application, Advantages, DisadvantagesElectron Spin Resonance (ESR) Principle, Instrumentation, ApplicationsElectron Transport Chain Definition, Steps and ATP synthase.Elek test Principle, Procedure, ResultELISA Plate Reader - Microplate Reader or Assay ReaderELISA test Microbiology Notes: Procedure, Principle, Types, and Application.ELISA vs Western Blot - DifferencesEMB Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesEmbryological EvolutionEndemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Definition In Microbiology.Endo Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesEndocytosis definition, types and Steps.Endonuclease vs Exonuclease - Definition, 22 Differences, ExamplesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramEndospore Definition, Formation, Germination, Structure, ResistanceEndospore Staining Principle, Procedure, ResultEndotoxin Definition, Examples, Structure, Virulence MechanismEnergy Flow in EcosystemEnhancer RNAs - Definition, Biogenesis, FunctionsEntamoeba Histolytica Life Cycle, Transmission, Disease, Diagnosis, TreatmentEntner–Doudoroff pathway: definition, Steps.Enzyme Immobilization - Definition, Methods, Advantages, DisadvantagesEnzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) ProductionEosinophil - Definition, Functions, Features, StructureEpidermophyton floccosumEpistasis Definition, Types, ExamplesEpithelial Tissue Definition, Characteristics, Types, and FunctionsEpstein-Barr Virus (EBV) or Human Herpesvirus 4 - Structure, Genome, ReplicationErythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Principle, MethodsEscherichia coli(E. coli) morphology, arrangement, Cultural Characteristics, DiagnosisEsculin Hydrolysis test Principle, Procedure, ResultEthanol ProductionEthidium Bromide Solution Preparation and useEukaryotic DNA Replication - Definition, Steps, SingnificationEukaryotic TranscriptionExocytosis Definition, Types, Steps, ExamplesExon - Definition, Types, Structure, FunctionsExperiments on DNA StructureExpression of MHC MoleculesExtremophiles - Definition, Classification, ExamplesEye and Ear Microbiome - Normal Flora of Eye & EarEyespot apparatus Definition, Function, Types, Structure, ProteinsFFacilitated Diffusion Definition, Principle, ExamplesFactor affecting bacterial growthFactors Affecting Fermentation Characteristics of Starter Cultures Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in foodFactors Affecting The Growth Of Microorganisms In FoodsFactors Of Ecosystem - Definition, TypesFasciola hepatica - Definition, Structure, Reproducation, Life CycleFascioliasis: Causative agent, Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment.FASTA - Definition, Programs, Working, Steps, ApplicationsFate of Pyruvate: Acetyl CoA, Lactate, Alcohol Formation.Fates of PyruvateFeeder Pathways for GlycolysisFehling's Test Principle, Procedure, ResultFermentation Definition, Types, Principle, Products, Stages, LimitationsFermentation Foods - BreadFermentation Foods - Malt BeveragesFermentation Foods - VinegarFermentation Foods - WinesFermentation Media - Media Used For The Growth of Microorganisms in IndustriesFertilization - Definition, Types, ProcessFiltration - Definition, Mechanisms, Types, Examples, ApplicationFiltration Sterilization Types, Mechanism, UsesFimbriae and pili Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Differences.Flagella Staining Principle, Procedure, ResultFlagellar Movement Mechanisms and Chemotaxis.Flora vs Fauna - Differences between Flora and FaunaFlow Cytometry - Types, Purpose, Reagents, Examples, ApplicationFlow Cytometry Laboratory for cell viability staining using propidium iodide.Flow cytometry Principle, Process, UsesFluid Mosaic Model of Plasma MembraneFluorescence Microscope: Definition, Uses, Principle, Parts.Fluorescence Spectrophotometry - Definition, Principle, Parts, Advantages, UsesFood Chain - Definition, Types, Parts, ExamplesFood Microflora - MoldsFood Poisoning by Bacillus cereus - Foodborne ToxinsFood Preservation by chemicals - Food AdditivesFood Preservation by DryingFood Preservation by IrradiationFood Preservation By Low TemperaturesFood Preservation by Using High TemperaturesFood Spoilage General Principles - Chemical Changes Caused by MicroorganismsFood Web - Definition, Types, ExamplesFoodborne Giardiasis - Definition, Pathogenesis, ContaminationFoodborne Microorganism - BacteriaFoodborne Microorganism - YeastsFoodborne Viruses - Definition, Examples, Detection, PreventionForest Ecosystem - Definition, Types, FunctionsFragmentation Reproduction Definition, Examples, Advantages, DisadvantagesFrederick Griffith Experiment: Bacterial transformationFructose Metabolism Pathway - FructolysisFunaria Structure, Characteristics, ReproductionFungi Characteristics, Occurrence, Cell Structure, Nutrition, Thallus Organisation, Mycelium.Fungi Definition, Characteristics, Morphology, Importance, Thallus Organization.Fungi: Types of Fungi and Their Reproduction.Fusarium spp - Definition, Structure, PathogenesisGgab Operon - Definition, Structure, RegulationGalactose (Gal) Operon - Structure, RegulationGametogenesis - Definition, StepsGamma-ray (γ-ray) SpectroscopyGas chromatography Definition, principle, working, usesGasPak Anaerobic System Principle, ApplicationGATE BT Biotechnology Solved Question Paper Download (2021-1999)GATE Life Science Solved Question Paper Download 2021-2007Gel Filtration Chromatography Principle, Components, Steps, Types, ApplicationGel Permeation ChromatographyGel Staining Procedure for PAGEGelatin Hydrolysis Test Purpose, Principle, Procedure, Result.Gene Cloning - Steps, Definition, ApplicationsGene Expression - Definition, Mechanism, ImportanceGene Expression Profiling - Definition, Uses, LimitationsGene Mapping - Definition, Types, ApplicationsGene Prediction - Definition, Methods, ImportanceGeneral Protocol for Western BlottingGenetic Code - Definition, Characteristics, Wobble HypothesisGerhardt's test Principle, Procedure, ResultGiardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis)Giardiasis definition, treatment, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention.Gibbs Free EnergyGiemsa Stain: Preparation, Procedure, Principle, Composition and ApplicationGiolitti-Cantoni Broth for Staphylococcus aureusGlandular Epithelium functions, definition, structure, examplesGlorious History of MicrobiologyGluconeogenesis Pathway: Definition, Steps, Substrates, Importance, Regulation.Gluconic Acid ProductionGlucose Tolerance Test - Principle, Procedure, Types, ApplicationsGlycocalyx Definition, Composition, Types, Functions.Glycolysis Pathway: Definition, StepsGolgi Apparatus Definition, Structure, Functions, and DiagramGram Staining Procedure, Principle, and ResultsGram-Sure (L-Alanine-7-amido-4-methylcourmarin) Test Grassland Ecosystem - Definition, Types, ComponentsGrocott-Gomori’s Methenamine Silver Staining - Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsGrowth at 42 Test - Growth of Non Fermentative Bacteria at 42°CHHaemagglutination Test - Principle, Procedure, Result, MaterialHanging Drop Method (Motility test) Principle, and Procedure, Result, UsesHanta Virus - Definition, Structure, Genome, ReplicationHeart Infusion Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesHeat and Acetic Acid Test for Proteinuria: Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHeat Coagulation Test of Proteins - Principles, Procedure, ResultHektoen Enteric Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesHemagglutination Inhibition TestHematocrit Centrifuge - Definition, Principle, Parts, UsesHematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining - Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesHemocytometer and HaemocytometryHepatitis A Virus - Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Genome, TransmissionHepatitis B Virus - Structure, Replication, Pathogenesis, Genome, TransmissionHepatitis C virus - Structure, Replications, Pathogenesis, Genome StructureHepatitis D Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis,Hepatitis E Virus - Structure, Genome, Transmission, Replication, Diagnosis, TreatmentHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)Hershey–Chase experiment On DNAHeterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)High Pressure Homogenizer - Principle, Types, Parts, UsesHigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)Hippurate Hydrolysis Test Principle, Procedure, ResultHistory and Scope of MicrobiologyHistory of the MicroscopeHomogenizer - Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, UsesHomology Modeling - Definition, Steps, Diagram, ApplicationsHopkins Cole test (Adamkiewicz–Hopkins) Principle, Procedure, ResultHost Pathogen InteractionHost pathogen Interaction and Its Importance.Host-Parasite Interactions - Definition, Types, MechanismHot air oven Definition, Principle, Uses, Parts, Application, Procedure.How L-arabinose operon different from other operons?How are samples prepared for a transmission electron microscope?How Are Vaccines Made?How is plant cell cytokinesis different from animal cell cytokinesis?How to balance a centrifuge? - Centrifuge BalancingHow to construct a Phylogenetic tree?How to Use a Compound MicroscopeHow to Use a Micropipette?How To Use A Microscope ProperlyHuman Astrovirus- An OverviewHuman Cytomegalovirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisHuman Female Reproductive System Organs, Structure, FunctionsHuman Male Reproductive System Organs, Structure, FunctionsHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis, TreatmentHumoral Immune Response - Definition, MechanismHyaline Casts in Urine: Types, Morphology, Clinical SignificanceHybridization Probes definition, uses, Preparation, Types.Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Test Principle, Procedure, ResultHypersensitivity - Definition, Types, MechanismsHypersensitivity Type I, II, III and IV- Summary in table formHypotonic Solution Definition, ExamplesIIntrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis - Definition, ProcessIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2013 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2014 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2015 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2016 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2017 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2018 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biological Sciences (BL) 2019 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2005 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2006 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2007 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2008 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2009 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2010 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2011 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2012 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2013 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2014 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2015 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2016 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2017 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2018 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2019 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2020 Solved Question Paper DownloadIIT JAM Biotechnology 2021 Solved Question Paper DownloadImmunity - Definition, TypesImmunodeficiencies - Definition, Types, Animal models(Nude and SCID mice)Immunodiffusion reaction Immunoelectrophoresis test Principle, Applications, Procedure, Results, Advantages and Disadvantages.Immunofluorescence Quenching Solution Preparation and ApplicationImmunological Tolerance - Definition, Mechanism, TypesImmunotherapy For TumorsIMViC test procedure, Purpose, Result, and Organism List.In Silico drug designing and role of bioinformaticsIncinerator - Definition, Principle, Types, ApplicationsInclusion bodies Definition, Classification, ExamplesIncubator: Definition, Principle, Components, Types, Operating Procedure, Use.Indole test - Principle, Procedure, Uses.Industrial centrifuge - Definition, Parts, Types, UsesInfluenza A Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, Treatment, PreventionInfrared (IR) Spectroscopy Principle, Instrumentation, ApplicationInhibitors of Protein Synthesis (Translation)Innate Immunity - Definition, Types, MechanismInnate Immunity vs. Acquired Immunity (Adaptive immunity)Interactions In communities - Types, Definition, ExamplesIntermediate Filaments - Definition, Structure, Function Introduction of Microbiology and MicrobeIntron - Definition, Structure, FunctionsIntrons vs Exons - Difference, Definition, Functions, StructureInverted Microscope - Principle, Parts, Definition, UsesInverted Microscope WorksheetIodine Test - Iodine test for starch Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesIon Exchange ChromatographyIron and Manganese Cycles - Steps, ImportanceIron-Hematoxylin Stain Principle, Procedure, ResultIsolation of Microorganism From AirIsolation of Microorganisms from SoilIsomerism Definition, Types, Examples, StructuresJJapanese Encephalitis (JE) VirusKKingdom Animalia - Different Phylum, Classification, CharacteristicsKingdom Monera Classification, Characteristics, Microscopy MethodsKinyoun stain (Acid Fast Cold) Method: Principle, Procedure, ResultKirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test ProtocolKligler’s Iron Agar Test Principle, Procedure, ResultKOH Test (Potassium hydroxide test) Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesKrebs Cycle Definition, Steps, Products, Regulation.LL-form bacteria Definition, Size and shape, Culturing , ApplicationsL-Glutamic Acid ProductionLaboratory Diagnosis of Viral InfectionsLaboratory Flask - Definition, Types, UsesLaboratory Hot Plate - Definition, Principle, Parts, UsesLaboratory Refrigerators and Freezers - Principle, Parts, ApplicationsLaboratory Rules: Basic Rules Of A Microbiology LaboratoryLaboratory Test Tube - Definition, Types, UsesLaboratory Water bath Principle, Types, Parts, Operating Procedure, UsesLac Operon - Definition, Structure, MechanismsLactic Acid ProductionLactic Acid Starter CultureLactobacilli MRS Broth and Agar Composition, Preparation, PrincipleLactobacillus MRS Broth Test Principle, Procedure, and ResultsLactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) MountsLactophenol Cotton Blue Staining Principle, Procedure, Result.Laminar flow hood/cabinet Definition, Parts, Principle, ApplicationLassa Virus - An OverviewLatex agglutination test - Procedure, Principle, Inhibition, Limitation, Uses.Lectin Pathway of the Complement SystemLeishmaniasis Life cycle, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, Types, Distribution.Lentiviral Transfection ProtocolLeucine aminopeptidase (LAP) Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsLevels of Ecological Organization - Definition, ExamplesLevinthal’s Medium Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesLife cycle of Algae: Haplontic, Diplontic, Diplohaplontic, and Triphasic.Life Cycle of Fasciola HepaticaLight Microscope Labeled Diagram, Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, ApplicationsLineweaver–Burk PlotLipase Test Principle, Procedure, resultsLipid Hydrolysis Test Principle, Procedure, ResultLipids Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Examples, and FunctionsLipopolysaccharide (LPS) Structure, FunctionsLiquid Waste ManagementList of Top 10 Mini CentrifugeList of Top Biotechnology TechniquesLitmus Milk Test Principle, Procedure, ResultLoeffler Medium Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesLowenstein Jensen (LJ) Media Composition, Preparation, UsesLymphatic filariasis: Wuchereria bancroftiLysine decarboxylase test - Principle, Procedure, ResultLysine Iron Agar (LIA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesLysine Iron Agar (LIA) Test Principle, Procedure, ResultLysogeny broth (LB) PreparationLysosome Definition, Structure, Functions, TypesLysosomes Definition, Structure, Formation, Functions, Types and DiagramMMacConkey Agar Composition, Uses, Colony CharacteristicsMacrophage - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, FunctionsMagnetic Stirrer - Definition, Principle, Types, Parts, UsesMajor Histocompatibility Complex II Structure and FunctionsMalonate Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsMannitol Salt Agar (MSA)Marchantia Definition, Structure, Reproduction, ClassificationMartin Lewis Agar Composition, Preparation, Principle, UsesMasson’s Trichrome Staining - Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesMast cell - Definition, Structure, FunctionsMayer's Hemalum Solution Preparation and ApplicationMcIntosh and Fildes’ Anaerobic Jar Principle, ProcedureMeasles Virus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisMeasurement of Bacterial GrowthMeasurement Of Microorganisms - MicrometryMechanisms of Protein Synthesis Regulation in Eukaryotes CellsMechanisms of Protein Synthesis Regulation in Prokaryotic CellsMedical Significance of Gram-Negative Cocci and CoccobacilliMeiosis - Definition, Types, StepsMembrane Bioreactor (MBR) - Principle, Types, Process, UsesMembrane Carbohydrate Types, Structure, and FunctionMembrane Filtration Method, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications.Membrane Lipids - Definition, Structure, Formation, FunctionsMembrane Proteins - Definition, Types, FunctionsMesenchymal Stromal Cells - Definition, Structure, Location, and FunctionMesophyll cells Definition, Location, Structure, Function, MicroscopyMesosomes Definition, FunctionsMetaphase in Mitosis and Meiosis - Metaphase 1 and Metaphase 2Method for Balancing in Laboratory - Weight or Mass MeasurementMethods of food preservation - Physical and Chemical Methods Methyl Red and Voges Proskauer Test - Principle, ResultMethylene Blue Reduction TestMHC Class I, Class II, Antigen Processing, and PresentationMHC Genes - H-2 Complex and HLA ComplexMHC Molecules - Major Histocompatibility ComplexMIC Test Strip - Quantitative assay for determining the Minimum Inhibitory ConcentrationMicrobe-Microbe InteractionsMicrobe-Plant interaction - Types, ExamplesMicrobial Control MethodsMicrobial degradation of cellulose - Enzymes, Steps, MechanismsMicrobial Degradation of Chitin - Definition, Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, MechanismsMicrobial degradation of hemicellulose - Definition, Enzymes, Steps, MechanismsMicrobial Degradation of Lignin - Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, ChallengesMicrobial degradation of Pectin - Enzymes, Steps, MechanismsMicrobial Food Spoilage Causes, Classification, Process, FactorsMicrobial interaction - Definition, Types, Characteristics, ExamplesMicrobiology of Extreme Environments - Definition, Types, ExamplesMicrobodies: Peroxisomes and GlyoxysomesMicrodase Test Principle, Procedure, ResultMicrofilaments - Definition, Structure, FunctionMicroorganisms in food Spoilage - Microbes in food spoilageMicropipettes Components, Types, Applications, TechniquesMicropropagation Definition, Application, Advantages, DisadvantagesMicroscope Slides PreparationMicrosporum spp. culture, infections, treatment, prevention.Microtome - Principle, Parts, Types, and UsesMicrotubules - Definition, Structure, FunctionsMicrovilli - Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramMiddlebrook Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesMilk Pasteurization Definition, Procedure, Types, PurposeMillon’s Test Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesmiRNA (microRNA) Structure, Functions, ApplicationMitochondria - Definition, Structure, Functions, OriginMitochondria Structure worksheetMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, FactorsMitochondrial Shuttles and Transporter Proteins.Mitosis - Definition, Phases, Significance, FunctionsMode of action of antibiotics and classification.Mode of Transport Across Plasma MembraneModified Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion MethodModified Thayer Martin Agar Composition, Preparation, and PrincipleMoist Heat Sterilization Principle, Advantages, DisadvantagesMolisch’s Test Objective, Principle, Procedure, ResultMonkeypox Virus - Pictures, Structure, Classification, Prevention, Treatment, SpreadMonoclonal Antibodies - Definition, Types, Production, Side Effect, ApplicationsMonocot and Dicot Leaves Definition, Structure, Differences, and ExamplesMonocot Seed Definition, Structure, Example, CharacteristicsMonocytes - Definition, Structure, Types, FunctionsMonohybrid Cross - Definition, Steps, Examples, PracticeMonosaccharides -definition, structure, types, examplesMost Infectious and Deadliest Diseases Caused By BacteriaMost Probable Number (MPN) Test: Principle, Procedure, ResultsmRNA Degradation in Prokaryotic CellsmRNA Structure, Definition, Functions, TypesMucic acid test - Principle, Procedure, ResultMucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) Composition, Principle, PreparationMumps Virus - Definition, Replication, Structure, Genome, PathogenesisMutualism - Definition, Types, ExamplesMycorrhiza - Definition, Types, Examples, ImportanceMyeloperoxidase staining Principle, Procedure, Result.NNagler Reaction - Lecithinase TestNaked DNA - Definition, Applications, Advantages, DisadvantagesNative Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)Natural killer (NK) cells - Definition, Structure, Function, MechanismNecrosis - Definition, Types, Mechanism, CausesNegative staining of Viruses - Principle, Procedure, UsesNegative Staining Principle, Procedure, ResultNelson Somogyi Method for Determination of reducing sugarsNeutrophil - Definition, Structure, FunctionsNew York City Agar Composition, Preparation, Result, UsesNext Generation Sequencing - Principle, Steps Involved, and ApplicationsNext-Generation Sequencing (NGS)- Definition, Types, Applications, LimitationsNinhydrin Test Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesNipah Virus (NiV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, TransmissionNitrate Reduction Test Procedure, Principle, ResultNitrite Reduction Test Principle, Procedure, ResultNitrocefin test Principle, Procedure, UsesNitrogen Cycle - Definition, Steps, ImportanceNitrogen Fixation - Definition, Importance, ProcessesNodulation Steps, Structure, FunctionsNormal Human Microbiota Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages.Northern Blotting Protocol, Principle, Application, ResultNorwalk Virus (Norovirus) Symptoms, Transmission, Prevention, TreatmentNosocomial Infection and its Prevention, Source, TransmissionNovobiocin Susceptibility Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsNuclear Fast Red Solution Preparation and ApplicationNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) SpectroscopyNuclear Staining by Giemsa stain: Procedure, Principle, ResultNuclear Staining of Filamentous FungiNucleoid Definition, Functions, CharacteristicsNucleolus - Definition, Structure, FunctionsNucleoside - Definition, Types, Structure, FunctionsNucleotide Biosynthesis Pathways - Salvage pathway and De novo synthesisNucleotide Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, UsesNucleotides and Nucleosides - Definition, Structure, Function, TypesNucleus & Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure 3D WorksheetNucleus & Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure WorksheetNucleus Definition, Structure, Diagram, and FunctionsNutrient Agar Media Composition, Preparation, UsesNutritional types of bacteria: Classification of bacteria based on Nutritional RequirementNylander’s Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, ResultOo-Nitrophenyl-b-D-Galactopyranoside (ONPG) Test Principle, ProcedureOF (Oxidation-Fermentation) Test Principle, Purpose, ProcedureOil Immersion technique, objectives, Resolving Power, Used for, Types.Okazaki Fragments Definition, Formation, ImportanceOne Step Growth Curve of VirusOperon - Structure, Definition, Types, FunctionsOptochin Susceptibility Test: Principle, Objective, Procedure And ResultsOrganic Waste Recycling - Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, SignificanceOrgans of Immune System – Lymphoid OrgansOriental Fermented Foods Ornithine Decarboxylase Test - Principle, Procedure, ResultOsazone Test for Carbohydrates Principle, Procedure, ResultOuchterlony Double Immunodiffusion MethodOverview of Bacillus anthracisOxidase Test Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, ApplicationOxidation Pond - Definition, MechanismsOxygen Toxicity - Mechanism, Damages, Protective MechanismPPlatelets (Thrombocytes) - Definition, Structure, FunctionP-value definition, significance, formula, table, finding p-valuePAM Sequence (Protospacer adjacent motif) - Definition, Functions, PropertiesPapanicolaou Staining (Pap stain) - Principle, Procedure, Results, ApplicationsPaper Chromatography Principle, Types, Instrumentation, StepsPapovaviruses - OverviewParamecium Cell Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Movement, Diagram.Parasexual cycle in FungiParasitism - Definition, Types, ExamplesParasporal Crystal Stain Principle, Procedure, ResultParthenogenesis - Definition, TypesParts of a compound microscope WorksheetParts of a Microscope and their functionParts of a Microscope and Their FunctionsParvovirus - Definition, Classification, Morphology, DiagnosisPassive Immunity - Definition, Types, ExamplesPassive Transport - Definition, Types, ExamplesPathogen Virulence Factors Definition and PathogenicityPauly’s Test - Definition, Principle, Procedure, UsesPenicillin ProductionPenicillium chrysogenum - Morphology, Habitat, CharacteristicsPentose Phosphate Pathway: Definition, Importance, Steps.Peptone Water Composition, Preparation, Uses, PrinciplePeptone Yeast Extract Glucose BrothPeriodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining - Principle, Procedure, result, UsesPeripheral Protein - Structure, Examples, FunctionsPeroxide Value Test Principle, Procedure, ResultPetri dish - Definition, Structure, Types, UsesPH Meter Definition, Principle, Parts, Types, Application, Procedure.Phagocytosis Definition, Steps, and ExamplePhase Contrast Microscopy: definition, parts, uses, working principle.Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total CarbohydratesPhenylalanine Deaminase Test Principle, Procedure, ResultPhenylethyl Alcohol Agar - Composition, Preparation, Uses, LimitationPhosphorus Cycle Definition, Steps, Examples, Significance, and Human ImpactsPhoto bioreactor Definition, Types, Application, AdvantagesPhotosynthesis definition, steps, equation, process, and diagramPhotosynthetic Bacteria Examples, Definition, Vs Chemosynthetic BacteriaPhyllosphere Microorganisms - Examples, Factors, EffectsPhylogenetic Tree - Definition, Types, Steps, Methods, UsesPhylum Annelida Definition, Characteristics, ClassificationPhylum Arthropoda Definition, Classification, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Aschelminthes classification, characteristics, examplesPhylum Aschelminthes Definition, Examples, CharacteristicsPhylum Ascomycota OverviewPhylum Chordata Definition, Characteristics, ClassesPhylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Definition, Classification, CharacteristicsPhylum Ctenophora Definition, Classification, Characteristics, examplesPhylum Echinodermata Definition, Classification, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Hemichordata Definition, Classification, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Mollusca Classification, Definition, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Nematoda Classification, Definition, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Platyhelminthes Classification, Definition, Characteristics, ExamplesPhylum Porifera Definition, Characteristics, ClassificationPhysical Methods of SterilizationPhysiological Buffer preparationPhytoremediation - Definition, Types, MechanismsPicric Acid Test for Glucose - Principle, Procedure, ResultPipetting - Technique, Definition, TypesPlant cell Structure, Definition, Diagram, OrganellesPlant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)Plant Tissue Culture Definition, techniques, Media composition, types, application.Plasmid Replication - Mechanism With DiagramPlasmids - Definition, Structure, Functions, ExamplesPlasmodesmata: Definition, Structure, Functions and DiagramPlasmodium Definition, Life Cycle, Characteristics, Morphology, DiagramPlasmodium vivax - Life Cycle in Man and in MosquitoPlastids Definition, Types, Structure, FunctionsPlate Count Agar (PCA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesPneumocystosis - Causative Agent, Treatment, PreventionPocket Microscope - Definition, Parts, Principle, Uses, TypesPolarizing Microscopes - Principle, Definition, Parts, ApplicationsPolio Virus - Structure, Genome, Replicationm, PathogenesisPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Steps, Principle, ApplicationPositive Displacement Pipette - Principle, Procedure, Applications, AdvantagesPositive staining of Viruses - Principle, Procedure, ResultPost-glycolysis processesPost-transcriptional ModificationPotato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Principle, Composition, Preparation, UsesPour Plate Method Principle, Procedure, Objective, Result, AdvantagesPoxviruses - Definition, Classification, Morphology, Life cyclePrebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, MechanismsPrecipitation Reaction - Definition, Principle, TypesPredation - Definition, Types, ExamplesPreparation of Crystal Violet for the Gram StainPreparation of Different pH BufferPreparation of Liquid Medium/brothPreparation of Solid Media - Agar deep tubes, Agar Slants, PlatesPreparation Of Temporary Cotton Plugs and Permanent Cotton PlugsPreservation and Spoilage of Canned FoodsPreservation and Spoilage of Sugars and Sugar ProductsPreservation, and Spoilage of Fish and Other SeafoodsPreservation, and Spoilage of Meats and Meat ProductsPreservation, and Spoilage of Milk and Milk ProductsPreservation, and Spoilage of PoultryPreservation, and Spoilage of Vegetables and FruitPrimary and Secondary Immune ResponsePrimary Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, ApplicationsPrimer - Definition, Primer Design, Types, Online Tools, UsesPrinciples of Food PreservationPrions: Definition, Structure, Function, Disease, Prevention, Control, Treatment, Transmission.Probiotics - Definition, Mechanisms, Health EffectsProducers - Definition, Types, ExamplesProduction Strain - Screening, Development, Preservation, PreparationProkaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic cells Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Division.Prokaryotic DNA Replication - Initiation, Elongation, TerminationProkaryotic Translation Steps, Requirements.Protein Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, ApplicationsProtein Purification MethodsProtein Synthesis (Translation)- Definition, Steps, Sites, MachineryProteins Definition, Properties, Structure, Classification, FunctionsProteus - OverviewProtoplast Culture MethodsProtoplasts Definition, Application and Protoplasts CultureProtoplasts fusion - Somatic fusionProtoplasts IsolationProtozoa Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Structure, Diseases, ExamplesProtozoa Definition, Occurrence, EcologyProtozoa: Structure and Locomotor OrganellesPRP Centrifuge - Definition, Types, Parts, ApplicationsPseudostratified columnar epithelium Definition, Structure, Function, TypesPulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) ProtocolPulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) - Definition, Types, Steps, ApplicationsPYR Test Principle, Procedure, ResultPyramid of Biomass - Definition, Types, ExamplesPyrimidines and Purines Nucleotides - Structure, Occurrence and PropertiesPyronin Y (PY) Solution Preparation and ApplicationPyruvate Broth Test Principle, Purpose, Procedure, ResultPython Programming Language in BioinformaticsQQuantitative Buffy Coat Test (QBC Test)Questionnaires and SchedulesRR Programming Language in BioinformaticsRabies Virus - Structure, Genome Organization, Pathogenesis, ReplicationRadial Immunodiffusion Principle, Procedure, ResultRadiation Sterilization Types, Mechanism, ApplicationsRapid Furfural Test for Glucose and FructoseRCF Centrifugation and RPM CentrifugationReal Time PCR Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages.Recombinant DNA Technology Steps, Application, Tools, and LimitationsRed Blood Cell Morphology - Size, Shape, Color and Inclusion BodiesRegulation of GlycolysisReproduction in Protozoa: Sexual reproduction, Asexual reproductionReproduction of Fungi: Sexual, Asexual and Vegetative ReproductionRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisRestriction Digest Protocol, Principle, resultRestriction Enzyme (Restriction Endonuclease) - Definition, Types, Examples, FunctionsRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)Reticulocyte Count : Principle, Procedure, Calculations and Clinical SignificancesReverse Blood Grouping Principle, Procedure, ResultReverse CAMP test Principle, Procedure, ResultReverse transfection - Definition, Protocol, ApplicationsRhizopus microsporus - overviewRhizopus nigricans - Life Cycle, Repoduction, Morphology, PathogenesisRhizopus oligosporus - OverviewRhizopus sporangia - OverviewRhizopus spp - Structure, Life cycle, Habitat, PathogenesisRhizopus stolonifer: Life Cycle, Habitat, Nutrition, Disease, Importance.Rhizosphere - Definition, Microflora, Structure, ImportanceRibosome Definition, Structure, Size, Location, Function, CharacteristicsRibosome Structure WorksheetRibozymes (RNA enzymes) - Definition, Structure, Function, TypesRing Precipitation Test Principle, Procedure, ResultRNA - Definition, Structure, Types, ApplicationRNA Interference (RNAi) - Definition, Mechanism, ApplicationRNA Polymerase - Structure, Definition, Types, and FunctionsRNA Splicing Definition, Types, MechanismsRobertson’s Cooked Meat Medium (RCM Medium) Preparation, Composition.Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis Principle, Procedure, Result, Application.Rolling Circle Replication - Mechanism, ApplicationRomanowsky Stains - Principle, Types, ApplicationsRotavirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisRothera's test Principle, Procedure, Result.Rotor Stator Homogenizers - Definition, Principle, Parts, UsesRough vs Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumrRNA Structure, Definition, Types, FunctionsSSabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)Saccharomyces Life cycle, Morphology, Economic Importance.Salmonella Shigella Agar (SS Agar) Principle, Composition, ApplicationSalmonellosis - Food Infection and Food Poisoning by SalmonellaSalt Meat BrothSalt Tolerance Test Principle, Purpose, Procedure, ResultSample Preparation and compositionSandwich (Davson–Danielli) model of cell membraneSaprophytes: Definition, Examples, CharacteristicsSARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Transmission, pathogenesis, replicationScanning Electron Microscope: Definition, Parts, Application, Principle, AdvantagesSchistosoma haematobium: Life cycle, pathogenicity and prophylaxisSchistosomiasis: Life cycle, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention.Schizosaccharomyces: Morphology, Reproduction, life cycleScope of EpidemiologyScope of MicrobiologyScope of Microbiology in NursingSDS-PAGE - Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)Secondary Databases - Definition, Types, Examples, UsesSecretory Vesicles Definition, Structure, Functions, and DiagramSelenite F Broth Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesSeliwanoff's Test Principle, Procedure, ResultSemiconservative Replication of DNA - MechanismSequence Alignment - Definition, Types, Tools, ApplicationsSere Community - Definition, ClassificationSerial Dilution Method Definition, Procedure, ApplicationSerratia marcescens - OverviewSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)Sewage Treatment - Wastewater Treatment ProcedureSheep blood agar Composition, Principle, Procedure, Uses.shRNA (Short-hairpin RNA) Structure, Definition, MechanismSilver Staining - Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsSimmons citrate agar test - Procedure, Principle, Result, Example.Simple columnar epithelium definition, structure, functions, examplesSimple diffusion definition, principle, examples, applicationsSimple Microscope: Working Principle, Uses, Parts, and their Functions.Simple Staining Procedure, Principle, ResultSingle Use Bioreactor - Principle, Parts, Types, UsessiRNA (Small Interfering RNA) - Structure, Mechanism, FunctionsSize, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells With Picture and ExampleSludge Wastes Treatment - Methods, Types, Factors, UsesSmall nuclear RNA (snRNA) - Structure, Types, DefinitionSoil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Definition, Factors, Process, Steps, ExamplesSoil Microorganisms - Types, Examples, Factors, Importance Soil profile and Soil Horizon - Definition, Types, ImportanceSolid State Fermentation (SSF)Solid Waste ManagementSolubility Tests of Proteins Principle, Procedure, Result, ApplicationSolution and Cell/Culture/Growth Media PreparationsSorbitol MacConkey Agar Composition, Preparation and UsesSOS Repair - SOS Response in BacteriaSouthern Blotting Definition, Principle, Steps, ImportanceSpectrophotometer Principle, Uses, Components.Sphaeroplasts Definition, Formation, ApplicationsSphagnum habit, characteristics, structure, reproductionSpirogyra - Definition, Structure, Life Cycle, Diagram, ReproductionSpliceosome - Definition, Types, Structure, MechanismSpoilage and Defects of Fermented Dairy Products Spontaneous Generation Theory and Biogenesis theorySporothrix schenckii - Morphology, Pathogenesis, TransmissionSpread Plate Method: Procedure, Principle, Purpose, Result.SSC (Northern Blot, 20x) and SSPE (Blot, 20x, pH 7.4) Preparation and RecipeStaphylococcus aureusStarch Casein Agar (SCA)- Composition, Principle, PreparationStarch Hydrolysis Test - Principle, Procedure, Results, UsesStarter Culture - Definition, Types, Preparation, and ApplicationsStarter Cultures Preparation, Maintenance and PreservationStem cell - Definition, Types, Application, AdvantagesStokes Disc Diffusion Method Principle, Procedure, Result.Storage Granules - Definition, Structure, FunctionsStratified cuboidal epitheliumStratified squamous epithelium Function, Definition, Location, Types.Streak Plate Method: Patterns, Procedure, PrincipleStreptococcus pneumoniae - Habitat, Morphology, GenomesStreptococcus Selective Agar Composition, Preparation, and PrincipleStroma in chloroplast and Stroma in Animal TissueStrongyloides stercoralis (Parasitic Roundworm)Structure and Function of Ecosystems - Definition, TypesStructure and Functions of Major Histocompatibility Complex IStructure and Genome of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with diagramStructure of Gram-negative cell wallStructure of Gram-positive cell wallStudy of Aspergillus by using Temporary Mount TechniqueStudy of Chlamydomonas and Volvox by using Whole mountStudy of Penicillium using Temporary MountStudy of Rhizopus by using Temporary Mount.Subculturing technique for Broth CultureSubculturing Technique In Agar Slant/Agar PlateSucrose gradient centrifugationSudan Black B Staining - Principle, Procedure, ApplicationsSulfur Reduction Test Principle, Purpose, Procedure, ResultSulphosalicylic Acid Test for Proteinuria: Principle, Procedure, Result, UsesSulphur cycle - Definition, Steps, Types, ImportanceSuperantigens (SAgs) - Definition, Structure, ExamplesSXT Test - Principle, Procedure, ResultSymbiosis Relationship- Definition, Types, ExamplesSynchronous culture Definition, Methods, Application.TT cell (T Lymphocyte) - Definition, Types, DevelopmentT Dependent Antigen and T Independent AntigenTaenia solium - Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, CharacteristicsTaproot vs Fibrous root - Difference between Taproot and Fibrous root TCBS Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesTemporary Wet Mount (TWM) technique for observation of Living Organisms.Terrestrial Ecosystem - Definition, Types, ExamplesTesting of Disinfectants (evaluation methods of disinfectants)Thallus Organisation in AlgaeThe Beer–Lambert lawThe Complement Pathway, Activation, Functions, and Deficiencies.The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP)The Glyoxylate Cycle: Definition, Steps, Functions.The Human Genome Project - An OverviewThe Laws of ThermodynamicsThe most lethal viruses of all TimeThe progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the respiratory systemThe Wobble Hypothesis - Definition, Exaplanation, ImportanceTheta Model of Replication - Definition, MechanismThick and Thin Blood Smear for Malaria DiagnosisThin Layer Chromatography Principle, Components, Procedure, ApplicationThioglycollate Broth Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesTissue Homogenizer - Definition, Parts, Types, ProcedureTollens’ Test Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Application.Toluidine blue stain of Mast Cell.Tonicity Definition, Types, ExamplesTools Used in Microbiology LaboratoryTop 10 Difference Between Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, PlantaeTop 11 Books for Cell BiologyTop 13 Lab Techniques You Must KnowTop 14 books for Industrial MicrobiologyTop 14 Difference Between Monera and ProtistaTop 15 Books for Food and diary MicrobiologyTop 15 Books for Molecular BiologyTop 16 Infectious and Deadliest Diseases Caused By BacteriaTop 17 Books for GeneticsTop 18 books for Environmental MicrobiologyTop 22 Difference Between Bacteria and VirusTop 30 Differences Between Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.Top 32 Difference Between Light Microscope and Electron MicroscopeTop 6 Books For Biofertilizers and BiopesticidesTop 6 Books on Microbial Physiology and MetabolismTop 8 AI Generated Picture of MicroscopeTop and Best Books for MicrobiologyTop and Best Books on VirologyTop Biotech Companies of IndiaTop M.Sc in Microbiology (Private and Government) colleges in West Bengal (Wb)Top Universities in West Bengal Offering MicrobiologyTopoisomerase - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, MechanismTorovirus - Structure, Genome, Replication, PathogenesisTotal Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count – Procedure, Principle, resultTotal White Blood Cell (WBC) Count - Total Leucocyte Count (TLC)Toxigenic Fungi And Fungal Mycotoxins In FoodTraditional Indian Fermented Foods Transcription In Prokaryotes Definition, Stages, SignificanceTransfection - Definition, Types, Principle, ApplicationsTransfection PEI (Polyethylenimine) ProtocolTransfection Protocols - Principle, Protocol, UsesTransfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) Definition, Structure, PropertiesTransgenic Plants Examples, Definition, Procedure, ApplicationTransitional epithelium Definition, Structure, Function, Location, and ExampleTranslation In Eukaryotes - Protein synthesis in EukaryoticTranslational regulation - Definition, MechanismTransmission Electron Microscope: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Applications, Advantages, DisadvantagesTransmission of DiseasesTransplantation - Definition, Types, ExamplesTransport Media Used in LaboratoriesTransposable elements - Definition, Types, Examples, ApplicationTransposition - Definition, Types, MechanismTrichophyton spp - Morphology, Life cycle, PathogenesisTriple Beam Balance - Parts, Procedure, UsesTriple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesTriple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar test Principle, Procedure, ResultTris-SDS Buffer Preparation of pH 6.8 and 8.8 for SDS PAGEtRNA Structure, Definition, Functions, TypesTrypanosoma gambiense - Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, Structure, TreatmentTryptic Soy Agar (TSA) Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesTryptone Soya Broth for the enrichment of Staph. aureusTryptophan (Trp) Operon - Repressible operonTumor AntigenTumor Immunology - Definition, featuresTumors - Types, Tumor Antigens, Risk FactorsType I Hypersensitivity Reaction Type II (Cytotoxic) HypersensitivityType III HypersensitivityType IV or Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)Types of Blood Collection Tubes and Their usesTypes of Centrifuge, Definition, Principle, and ApplicationsTypes of Plant CellTypes of RNA with Structure and FunctionsTypes of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, UsesTypes of Staining TechniquesTypes of Stains used in MicrobiologyTypes of Vaccines With ExamplesUUltracentrifuge Definition, Principle, Types, UsesUltrasonic Homogenizer - Principle, Parts, Types, UsesUrease Test Principle, Procedure, ResultUSB Microscope Principle, Definition, Parts, Examples, UsesUV-Vis Spectroscopy Principle, Instrumentation, Applications, Advantages, and LimitationVVacuole Staining - Observation of Vacuoles under MicroscopeVacuoles Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, and DiagramVaricella Zoster Virus - Definition, Structure, Genome, ReplicationVector - Definition, Examples, Characteristics, Types, Applications, LimitationsVegetative Propagation Definition, Types, Methods, AdvantagesVesicles Definition, Structure, Types, and FunctionsViability Staining Method For BacteriaViral Entry Into The Host BodyViral ImmunologyViral Life Cycle: Steps of Viral InfectionViral Pathogenesis Definition, Mechanisms, FactorsViral Replication Cycle - Definition, Steps, MechanismsViral Spread and Organ Invasion of VirusViral Transport Media (VTM) Definition, Principle, Preparation, ApplicationViroids Definition, Infection, Structure, Examples, Diagnostic, Origin, Disease.Virus Cultivation - Definition, Methods, ImportanceVirus Structure and Application, Origin, Definition, Characters, and Example.Vitamin A - Structure, Functions, Properties, Source and deficiencyVitamin B12 ProductionVoges Proskauer (VP) Test Principle, Procedure, ResultsVortex Mixer - Definition, Principle, Parts, UsesVRBA Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesWWaste Source, Definition, Types, ImpactsWater Distiller - Working Principle, Parts, Types, UsesWatson and Crick DNA ModelWave Bioreactor - Principle, Parts, Types, UsesWest Nile Virus (WNV) - Structure, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis, TreatmentWestern Blot Protocol, Principle, Result.What are Immune Booster Foods?What are Telomeres and Telomerases?What is Algae? Characteristics and Occurrence of Algae.What is bacteria? Types, Structure, Shapes, Morphology, Nutrition, Growth, Habitat, Reproduction, Examples.What is Entropy?What is Ergonomic Pipetting?What Is Gene Silencing? - Definition, Process, Techniques, ApplicationsWhat Is Gene Therapy? - Definition, Types, Vectors, ApplicationsWhat is Genomics?What is Phycology?What is the Difference Between Ebola and ZikaWhat is the Difference Between Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Neisseria MeningitidisWhat is the Difference between YAC and BAC Vectors?What is Toxigenic Algae And Algal Food Poisoning?What is voluntary muscle?Wheatley Trichrome Staining - Principle, Procedure, UsesWhittaker's Five Kingdom Classification - Advantages and LimitationsWidal Test Principle, Procedure, Result, Advantages, LimitationWine ProductionWright Giemsa Stain Protocol, Principle, Result.Wright Stain Principle, Procedure, ResultXX and V factor Test Principle, Purpose, Procedure, ResultX Ray fish - Reproduction, Habitat, Diet, AnatomyX-Ray CrystallographyX-Ray Spectroscopy Principle, Instrumentation and ApplicationsXanthoproteic test Principle, Procedure, Result, ApplicationXylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar Composition, Preparation, Principle, UsesYYeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs) - Definition, Structure, Construction, UsesYeasts Starter Cultures YEPD Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesYersinia Selective Agar Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, UsesZZiehl-Neelsen Staining (ZN Staining) - Principle and Procedure, ResultZika Virus (ZIKV) - Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication, TransmissionZygomycosis (Mucormycosis) - Causative Agent, Symptoms, Prevention, TreatmentZygomycota Overview
